1. American Foreign Policy: Post WWIWWII

2. 1. Foreign Policy Tensions
Interventionism
Disarmament
Collective security
Business interests
Isolationism
Nativists
Anti-War movement

3. 2. American Isolationism
*Isolationists like Senator Lodge, refused to allow the US to sign the Versailles Treaty.
Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. [R-MA]

4. Five-Power Treaty (1922)
*A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio: US Britain Japan France Italy
*Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain would stop fortifying their Far East territories [including the Philippines].
*Loophole  no restrictions on small warships

5. European Debts to the US

6. 3. Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
*15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy.
*62 nations signed.
*Problems  no means of actual enforcement and gave Americans a false sense of security.

7. Japanese Attack Manchuria (1931)
*League of Nations condemned the action.
*Japan leaves the League.
*Hoover wanted no part in any American military action in the Far East.

8. 4. Hoover-Stimson Doctrine (1932)
*US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force.
*Japan was infuriated because the US had conquered new territories a few decades earlier.
*Japan bombed Shanghai in  massive casualties.

9. 5. FDR’s “Good Neighbor” Policy
*Important to have all nations in the Western Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions.
*FDR  The good neighbor respects himself and the rights of others.
*Policy of non-intervention and cooperation.

10. Reading 1
It seems to be unfortunately true that the epidemic of world lawlessness is spreading. When an epidemic of physical disease starts to spread, the community approves and joins in a quarantine of the patients in order to protect the health of the community against the spread of the disease War is a contagion, whether it be declared or undeclared We are determined to keep out of war, yet we cannot insure ourselves against the disastrous effects of war and the dangers of involvement. We are adopting such measures as will minimize our risk of involvement, but we cannot have complete protection in a world of disorder in which confidence and security have broken down.
—President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1937

11. Reading 2
There can be no objection to any hand our government may take which strives to bring peace to the world so long as that hand does not tie 130,000,000 people into another world death march
We reach now a condition on all fours with that prevailing just before our plunge into the European war in Will we blindly repeat that futile venture? Can we easily forget that we won nothing we fought for then—that we lost every cause declared to be responsible for our entry then?
—Senator Gerald P. Nye, 1937

12. Reading 4
We know that our fate is tied up with the fate of the democratic way of life. And so, out of the depths of our hearts, a cry goes out for the triumph of the United Nations. But unless this war sounds the death knell to the old Anglo-American empire systems, the hapless story of which is one of exploitation for the profit and power of a monopoly capitalist economy, it will have been fought in vain. Our aim then must not only be to defeat nazism, fascism, and militarism on the battlefield, but to win the peace, for democracy, for freedom and the Brotherhood of Man without regard to his pigmentation, land of his birth or the God of his fathers
. . . White citizens should [not] be taken into the March on Washington Movement as members. The essential value of an all-Negro movement such as the March on Washington is that it helps to create faith by Negroes in Negroes. It develops a sense of self-reliance with Negroes depending on Negroes in vital matters. It helps to break down the slave psychology and inferiority-complex in Negroes which comes and is nourished with Negroes relying on white people for direction and support.
—A. Philip Randolph, 1942, proposing a march on Washington

13. Reading 3
Our whole program of aid for the democracies has been based on hard-headed concern for our own security and for the kind of safe civilized world in which we wish to live. Ever dollar of material we send helps to keep the dictators away from our own hemisphere. Every day that they are held off gives us time to build more guns and tanks and planes and ships.
—President Franklin D. Roosevelt, May, 1941

14. Nye Committee Hearings (1934-1936)
Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]
*The Committee did charge that bankers wanted war to protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make money.
*Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing in to warring nations’ waters.
*Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts.

15. FDR’s “I hate war” Speech (1936)

16. FDR says…
“I have seen war. I have seen war on land and sea. I have seen blood running from the wounded. I have seen men coughing out their gassed lungs. I have seen the dead in the mud. I have seen cities destroyed. I have seen 200 limping, exhausted men come out of line—the survivors of a regiment of 1,000 that went forward 48 hours before. I have seen children starving. I have seen the agony of mothers and wives. I hate war.”

17. US Neutrality

18. Panay Incident (1937) *December 12, 1937.
*Japan bombed USS Panay gunboat & three Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River.
*The river was an international waterway.
*Japan was testing US!
*Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further attacks.
*Most Americans were satisfied with the apology.
*Results  Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for further aggression against US interests.

19. Fascist Aggression
*1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty & the League of Nations [re-arming!] Mussolini attacks Ethiopia.
*1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain.
*1938: Austrian Anschluss Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS] Munich Agreement  APPEASEMENT!
*1939: German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact.
*September 1, 1939: German troops march into Poland  blitzkrieg  WW II begins!!!

20. 6. 1939 Neutrality Act *Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:
*In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.
*FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way:
The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis.
FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enter.
*Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:
Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.
The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the recession.
*America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”

21. FDR 1939 Address to the Nation

22. 7. “Lend-Lease” Act (1941)
Great Britain $31 billion Soviet Union $11 billion France $ 3 billion China $1.5 billion Other European $500 million South America $400 million The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

24. Pearl Harbor

25. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto

26. Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Plane

27. A date which will live in infamy!
Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!

28. History of Pearl Harbor attack…
*On September 27, 1940, Japan joined the Triple Alliance with Italy and Germany and began to expand into northern Indochina. The United States, in response, placed an embargo on aviation gasoline, scrap metal, steel, and iron. After Japan's seizure of the rest of Indochina in July 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt closed the Panama Canal to Japanese shipping and added oil to the embargo list. In October 1941 Gen. Hideki Tojo, leader of the Japanese pro-war party, became premier.

29. The Japanese air attack on Pearl Harbor (on the Hawaiian island of Oahu), December 7, 1941, was the climax of a decade of rising tension between Japan and the United States. Throughout the 1930s, Japan had been steadily encroaching on China, and the United States had been trying to contain Japan's expansion. Since America supplied more than half of Japan's iron, steel, and oil, Japan was reluctant to push the United States too far, but it was also intent on getting control of its own sources of raw materials.

30. FDR Signs the War Declaration

31. USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor

32. Pearl Harbor Memorial
2,887 Americans Dead!

33. Pacific Theater of Operations

34. “Tokyo Rose”

35. Paying for the War

36. Paying for the War

37. Paying for the War

38. Betty Grable: Allied Pinup Girl (She Reminded Men What They Were Fighting For)