1. Ambiente, Mudanças Globais, e Impactos Humanos
Frank Press • Raymond Siever • John Grotzinger • Thomas H. Jordan
Compreendendo a Terra
4a Edição
Cap. 23:
Ambiente, Mudanças Globais, e Impactos Humanos
Lecture Slides prepared by
Bill Dupré • Peter Copeland
Copyright © 2004 by W. H. Freeman & Company

3. Interacting Geosystems: Climate – Plate Tectonics – Geodynamo
Fig. 23.1

4. maior computador já construído
O Simulador da Terra:
maior computador já construído
Centro de ciências da Terra, Yokohama-Japão
Fig. 23.2

5. Fig. 23.2

6. Fig. 23.2

7. Componentes do Sistema Climático da Terra
Fig. 23.3

8. As atividades antrópicas podem resultar em mudanças:
Atmospheric composition
and circulation
Sea ice and
extent of glaciers
The hydrologic cycle
Land surface, vegetation,
and ecosystems
Oceanic circulation,
sea level, and geochemistry
Fig. 23.3

9. O gelo marinho é parte importante da Criosphere
Arctic Sea ice flowing south through the Bering Strait, May 2002
Fig. 23.4

10. O calor radiante da Terra deve ser equivalente ao gerado pelo sol
Energia Geotérmica
~ 0.06 Watts/meter2
O calor radiante da Terra deve ser equivalente ao gerado pelo sol
Energia solar
~ 342 Watts/meter2
Fig. 23.5

11. de radiação na Atmosfera Terrestre
Entrada e Saída
de radiação na Atmosfera Terrestre
Fig. 23.6

12. Dióxido de Carbono: 49% Metano: 18% “CFC’s”: 14% Óxidos Nitrosos: 06%
Quais são os gases do efeito estufa? (What are the greenhouse gases?) (excluindo H2O)
Dióxido de Carbono: 49%
Metano: 18%
“CFC’s”: 14%
Óxidos Nitrosos: 06%
Outros: 13%

13. Qual a fonte do CO2 adicionado?
Queima de comb fóssil: 75%
Desmatamento: 15%
Manufacturing: %
Combustível de madeira: 03%

14. Global Temperatures Compared to Increased CO2 Concentration
Fig. 23.8a

15. Global Temperatures and CO2 Concentrations Over the Last Millennium
Fig. 23.8b

16. But…. How can we determine temperature and CO2 content prior to instrumental readings?
Fig. 23.8b

17. The ice core, such as at Vostok Science Station in Antarctica provides over 100,000 years of data on:
1) temperature,
2) CO2 content, and
3) methane content
Box 16.1

18. Temperature and greenhouse gas concentrations both decline during glacial periods
Fig. 23.7

19. Temperature and greenhouse gas concentrations both rise rapidly during deglaciation
Fig. 23.7

20. Climate has been relatively warm and stable during the last 10,000 yrs, the Holocene interglacial period
Fig. 23.7

21. El Nino and La Nina
Box 23.1

22. During normal years, warm surface waters in the Pacific lie in the east off Indonesia
Box 23.1

23. When the pattern oscillates to an
During normal years, warm surface waters in the Pacific lie in the east off Indonesia
When the pattern oscillates to an
“El Nino”, the warm water shifts east
Box 23.1

24. When the pattern oscillates to an
During normal years, warm surface waters in the Pacific lie in the east off Indonesia
When the pattern oscillates to an
“El Nino”, the warm water shifts east
“La Nina” is characterized by colder sea-surface temperatures and stronger trade winds in the eastern tropical Pacific
Box 23.1

25. During “Normal Years” South America
Warm water in the western Pacific causes low pressure and high rainfall;
pressure system drives tradewinds from east to west;
tradewinds drive warm water to the west;
causing cold water to rise off South America and flow west.
South
America
Box 23.1

26. During “El Nino” South America
Warm water shift to the eastern Pacific causes drought in western Pacific;
low pressure over the warm eastern Pacific causes heavy rains
and inhibits upwellings along the coast of South America.
South
America
Box 23.1

27. Transport Processes Between Components of the Climate System
Fig. 23.9

28. (showing fluxes in and out of the ocean)
The Calcium Cycle
(showing fluxes in and out of the ocean)
Fig

29. (showing global reservoirs and fluxes)
The Carbon Cycle
(showing global reservoirs and fluxes)
Fig

30. Human Effects on the Carbon Cycle
Fig

31. Human Effects on the Carbon Cycle
Human activities release
~7.1 Gt* of carbon into
the atmosphere each year
*Gt = gigaton
Fig

32. Human effects on the Carbon Cycle
Human activities release
~7.1 Gt* of carbon into
the atmosphere each year
New plant growth and
air-sea exchange
removes ~3.8 Gt/yr
*Gt = gigaton
Fig

33. Human effects on the Carbon Cycle
Human activities release
~7.1 Gt* of carbon into
the atmosphere each year
New plant growth and
Air-sea exchange
removes ~3.8 Gt/yr
…yielding a net
atmospheric increase
of ~ 3.3 Gt/yr.
*Gt = gigaton
Fig

34. Fig

35. Fig

36. Before and After the Effects of Acid Rain
Fig

37. Acidity of Rain:
Fig

38. Burning high-sulfur coal generates atmospheric sulfuric acid
which falls as acid rain down-wind, to the northeast.
Fig

39. Rains became more acidic and affected broader areas
until sulfur-reducing regulations were enacted…
Fig

40. …reducing acid rain in the Northeast, however coal-fired
power plants in the Southwest have increased acid rain there.
Fig

41. Fig

42. Projected Changes in Ozone Concentration
With and Without the Montreal Protocol
Fig

43. Projected Changes in CO2 Concentration Under Three Different Scenarios
Fig a

44. Projected Changes in Global Temperature
Under Three Different Scenarios
Continued reliance on fossil fuels
Range of
uncertainty
increased reliance on nonfossil fuels
Rapid conversion
to cleaner and more
resource-efficient technologies
Fig b

45. Global warming is projected to reduce the north polar ice cap, disrupting Arctic ecosystems, but possibly improving navigation.
Fig

46. Potential Climate-Change Effects
on Various Systems
Systems
Potential Effects
Table 23.1

47. Potential Climate-Change Effects
on Various Systems
Systems
Potential Effects
Table 23.1

48. Table 23.1