1. Soil and Glass Analysis

2. Objectives, continued You will understand:
The difference between physical and chemical properties.
How glass can be used as evidence.
How individual evidence differs from class evidence.
The nature of glass.
How to use the properties of reflection, refraction, and refractive index to classify glass fragments.

3. Characteristics of Glass
Hard, amorphous solid
Usually transparent
Primarily composed of silica, with various amounts of elemental oxides
Brittle
Exhibits conchoidal fracture

4. Common Types
Soda-lime—used in plate and window glass, glass containers, and electric lightbulbs
Soda-lead—fine tableware and art objects
Borosilicate—heat-resistant, like Pyrex
Silica—used in chemical ware
Tempered—used in side windows of cars
Laminated—used in the windshield of most cars

5. Physical Characteristics
Density—mass divided by volume
Refractive index (RI)—the measure of light bending due to a change in velocity when traveling from one medium to another
Fractures
Color
Thickness
Fluorescence
Markings—striations, dimples, etc.

6. Density Type of Glass Density window 2.46–2.49 headlight 2.47–2.63
Pyrex
2.23–2.36
lead glass
2.9–5.9
porcelain
2.3–2.5

7. Fracture Patterns
Radial fracture lines radiate out from the origin of the impact; they begin on the opposite side of the force.
Concentric fracture lines are circular lines around the point of impact; they begin on the same side as the force.
3R rule—Radial cracks form a right angle on the reverse side of the force.

8. Sequencing
A high-velocity projectile always leaves a wider hole at the exit side of the glass.
Cracks terminate at intersections with others. This can be used to determine the order in which the fractures occurred.

9. Glass as Evidence
Class characteristics: physical and chemical properties such as refractive index, density, color, chemical composition
Individual characteristics: if the fragments can fit together like pieces of a puzzle, the source can be considered unique

10. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Chapter 15
Document and Handwriting Analysis
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Kendall/Hunt

11. Objectives You will understand:
Chapter 15
Objectives
You will understand:
That an expert analyst can individualize handwriting to a particular person.
What types of evidence are submitted to the document analyst.
Three types of forgery.
How to characterize different types of paper.
The types and impact of computer crime.
Kendall/Hunt

12. Objectives, continued You will be able to:
Chapter 15
Objectives, continued
You will be able to:
Analyze handwriting using 12 points of analysis.
Detect deliberately disguised handwriting.
Detect erasures and develop impression writing.
Design an experiment using paper chromatography to determine which pen altered a note.
List safeguards against the counterfeiting of U.S. currency.
Recognize some of the methods of internet fraud.
Kendall/Hunt

13. Chapter 15
Questioned Documents
Involves the examination of handwriting, ink, paper, etc., to ascertain source or authenticity
Examples include letters, checks, licenses, contracts, wills, passports
Investigations include verification; authentication; characterizing papers, pigments, and inks
Kendall/Hunt

14. Chapter 15
Related Fields
Historical dating—the verification of age and value of a document or object
Fraud investigation—focuses on the money trail and criminal intent
Paper and ink specialists—date, type, source, and/or catalog various types of paper, watermarks, ink, printing/copy/fax machines, computer cartridges
Forgery specialists—analyze altered, obliterated, changed, or doctored documents and photos
Typewriting analysts—determine origin, make, and model
Computer crime investigators—investigate cybercrime
Kendall/Hunt

15. Chapter 15
Document Examination
Forensic document examination involves the analysis and comparison of questioned documents with known material in order to identify, whenever possible, the author or origin of the questioned document.
Kendall/Hunt

16. Handwriting Handwriting analysis involves two phases:
Chapter 15
Handwriting
Handwriting analysis involves two phases:
The hardware—ink, paper, pens, pencils, typewriter,
printers
Visual examination of the writing
Kendall/Hunt

17. Handwriting Characteristics
Chapter 15
Handwriting Characteristics
Line quality
Word and letter spacing
Letter comparison
Pen lifts
Connecting strokes
Beginning and ending strokes
Unusual letter formation
Shading or pen pressure
Slant
Baseline habits
Flourishes or embellishments
Diacritic placement
Kendall/Hunt

18. Handwriting Identification
Chapter 15
Handwriting Identification
Analysis of the known writing with a determination of the characteristics found in the known
Analysis of the questioned or unknown writing and determination of its characteristics
Comparison of the questioned writing with the known writing
Evaluation of the evidence, including the similarities and dissimilarities between the questioned and known writing
The document examiner must have enough exemplars to make a determination of whether or not the two samples match.
Kendall/Hunt

19. Chapter 15
Handwriting Samples
The subject should not be shown the questioned document.
The subject is not told how to spell words or use punctuation.
The subject should use materials similar to those of the document.
The dictated text should match some parts of the document.
The subject should be asked to sign the text.
Always have a witness.
Kendall/Hunt

20. Chapter 15
Methods of Forgery
Simulated forgery—one made by copying a genuine signature
Traced forgery—one made by tracing a genuine signature
Blind forgery—one made without a model of the signature
Kendall/Hunt

21. Types of Forgery Check fraud Credit cards Forgery
Chapter 15
Types of Forgery
Check fraud
Forgery
Counterfeit
Alterations
Paper money
Identity
Social Security
Driver’s license
Credit cards
Theft of card or number
Art—imitation with intent to deceive
Microscopic examination
Electromagnetic radiation
Chemical analysis
Contracts—alterations of contracts, medical records
Kendall/Hunt

22. Chapter 15
Document Alterations
Obliterations—removal of writing by physical or chemical means can be detected by:
Microscopic examination
UV or infrared (IR) light
Digital image processing
Indentations can be detected by:
Oblique lighting
Electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA)
Kendall/Hunt

23. Famous Forgers and Forgeries
Chapter 15
Famous Forgers and Forgeries
Major George Byron (Lord Byron forgeries)
Thomas Chatterton (literary forgeries)
John Payne Collier (printed forgeries)
Dorman David (Texas Declaration of Independence)
Mark Hofmann (Mormon, Freemason forgeries)
William Henry Ireland (Shakespeare forgeries)
Clifford Irving (Howard Hughes forgery)
Konrad Kujau (Hitler diaries)
James Macpherson (Ossian manuscript)
George Psalmanasar (literary forgery)
Alexander Howland Smith (historical documents)
Kendall/Hunt

24. Chapter 15
Forensic Linguist
Expert who looks at the linguistic content (the way something is written) of a questioned document
Language that is used can help to establish the writer’s age, gender, ethnicity, level of education, professional training, and ideology.
Kendall/Hunt

25. Chapter 15
Ink
Chromatography is a method of physically separating the components of inks.
Types
HPLC—high-performance liquid chromatography
TLC—thin-layer chromatography
Paper chromatography
Kendall/Hunt

26. Paper Chromatography of Ink
Chapter 15
Paper Chromatography of Ink
Two samples of black ink from two different manufacturers have been characterized using paper chromatography.
Kendall/Hunt

27. Chapter 15
Document and Handwriting analysis
Retention Factor (Rf)
A number that represents how far a compound travels in a particular solvent
It is determined by measuring the distance the compound traveled and dividing it by the distance the solvent traveled. 18
Kendall/Hunt

28. Paper Differences Raw material Weight Density Thickness Color
Chapter 15
Paper
Differences
Raw material
Weight
Density
Thickness
Color
Watermarks
Age
Fluorescence
Kendall/Hunt

29. Chapter 15
Pencils
Lead
Hardness scale—a traditional measure of the hardness of the “leads” (actually made of graphite) in pencils. The hardness scale, from softer to harder, takes the form ..., 3B, 2B, B, HB, F, H, 2H, 3H, 4H, ..., with the standard “number 2” pencil being of hardness 2H.
Kendall/Hunt

30. Chapter 15
Evidence
Class characteristics may include general types of pens, pencils, or paper.
Individual characteristics may include unique, individual handwriting characteristics; trash marks from copiers; or printer serial numbers.
Kendall/Hunt

31. Chapter 15
Counterfeiting
In 1996 the government starting adding new security features to our paper money due to the advanced copying technologies that have raised the incidence of counterfeiting. The $20 bill entered circulation on October of 2003, followed by the $50 in September of 2004, and then the $10 in September of Subtle background colors have been added along with other features to discourage counterfeiting.
Kendall/Hunt

32. Internet Crimes Computer intrusions Identity theft
Chapter 15
Internet Crimes
Computer intrusions
Identity theft
Transmission of illegal items
Extortion and harassment
Piracy
Cyberterrorism
Kendall/Hunt

33. More about Document Analysis
Chapter 15
More about Document Analysis
For additional information about document and handwriting analysis, check out truTV’s Crime Library at:
Or learn about forgery cases at:
Kendall/Hunt