A3 First.

A3 First

People who work in environmental protection
Ecologists Energy managers Environmental managers Environmental consultants Recycling officers Conservation officers

Environmental protection officers
Monitor industrial sites Check for water pollution Check flood risks Monitor air quality Protect wildlife

Public laboratories are accredited to check the accuracy and precision of the laboratories results.
They must: Adhere to H&S regulations Train their staff Maintain and check their equipment and instruments

To check a lab is producing accurate evidence, proficiency tests are carried out.
Identical samples sent to laboratories Samples are analysed Results are compiled Report is sent back to laboratory highlighting if the results differed from other results

Samples taken are stored
Sterile container to prevent contamination Suitable temperature to avoid deterioration Sealed to prevent contamination or tampering

Monitoring the effects of climate change
In the oceans: As the oceans warm up Species that live in cold water move northwards towards colder water Species that live in northerly regions become extinct North

Monitoring pollution in freshwater
Scientists look at indicator organisms Certain fresh-water invertebrates only live in very clean water Some species can live in polluted water What is there shows the level of pollution This is called a biotic index

Recording visual examination results
Written descriptions (give detail) Sketches or drawings (when accuracy not important) Photographs (accurate details) Video (shows movement)

Features of an image Sharpness Is image sharp or blurred?

Features of an image Contrast
Extent to which parts of the image stand out from other objects and the background

Features of an image Depth of field
Extent to which an object or objects at different distances from camera are in focus. Narrow depth of field

Features of an image Magnification
Size of image in relation to size of object

Error in measurements Difference between measured value and true value.

Types of error Random Values vary unpredictably
Equipment not sensitive or measurements difficult to make Systematic Values vary from true value but in a consistent way Instrument incorrectly calibrated Operator consistently making same errors

Data collection If everyone uses the same methods to collect data then repeatability and reproducibility are increased.

Qualitative tests Identification tests Detect presence of substances
E.g. Litmus paper or a pregnancy test

Quantitative tests Tells you how much of a substance is present
E.g. Indicator solution for pH or a pregnancy test which tells you how many days pregnant you are.

Assessing water quality
Water can be: Pure Containing dissolved solids Containing suspended solids

Turbidity Measure of the cloudiness of the water.

Turbidity is measured with:
Turbidity tube Turbidity meter Secchi disk

A3 Second

Environmental protection workers
Ecologists Energy managers Environmental managers Environmental consultants Recycling officers Conservation officers

Monitor industrial sites Check for pollution – air and water Check flood risks Protect wildlife

Public laboratories are accredited for accuracy and precision of results.
They Follow H&S Train staff Maintain & check equipment

To check a labs produce accurate evidence, they do proficiency tests
Identical samples sent to lab Samples analysed Results compiled Report is sent to lab to show if results accurate

Sample storage Sterile container - prevents contamination
Suitable temp - avoids deterioration Sealed - prevents contamination / tampering

Monitoring climate change
As the oceans warm up Species move north to colder water Species living in north become extinct North

Monitoring freshwater pollution
Indicator organisms Some fresh-water invertebrates only live in clean water Some only live in polluted water Used to measure level of pollution - biotic index

Recording visual results
Written - detail Sketches / drawings – accuracy unimportant Photographs – accuracy important Video – captures movement

Features of an image

Sharpness Is image sharp or blurred?

Contrast Do parts of image stand out from others?

Depth of field How far away from camera are objects in focus?
Narrow depth of field

Magnification Size of image in relation to real object

Error Difference between measurement and true value.

Types of error Random Values vary unpredictably
Equipment unsensitive / measurements difficult Systematic Values vary but consistently Instrument incorrectly calibrated / operator making same errors

All use same methods to collect data
Data collection All use same methods to collect data Repeatability & reproducibility increased.

Qualitative tests Identification tests to detect presence
E.g. Litmus paper (pH) / pregnancy test

Quantitative tests How much of a substance is present?
E.g. Indicator solution (pH) / pregnancy test which tells you no. of days preg.

Water quality Pure Contains dissolved or suspended solids

Turbidity Cloudiness of water

Turbidity measurement
Turbidity tube Turbidity meter Secchi disk

A3 Third

Ecologists Energy and environmental managers Environmental consultants Recycling and conservation officers

Industrial sites Pollution – air and water Flood risks Wildlife

Public laboratories accreditation for accuracy and precision
H&S Train staff Maintain & check equipment

Proficiency tests to check lab accuracy
Identical samples sent Samples analysed Results compiled Report sent

Sample storage Sterile & sealed container - contamination
Suitable temp - avoids deterioration

Oceans warm up Species move north – colder Northern species become extinct North

Freshwater pollution Indicator organisms
Some like clean water, some like polluted. Measurement of pollution level - biotic index

Recording results Written - detail
Sketches / drawings – accuracy unimportant Photographs – accurate Video –movement

Features of an image Sharpness – sharp / blurred
Contrast – can you see certain parts? Depth of field – how far from camera in focus? Magnification – how much bigger than reality?

Sharpness Sharp or blurred?

Contrast Parts of image stand out?

Depth of field How far away from camera in focus?

Magnification Size in relation to reality

Diff between measurement & reality
Error Diff between measurement & reality

Types of error Random Vary unpredictably Equipment unsensitive
Systematic Vary predictably Instrument uncalibrated / operator errors

Repeatability & reproducibility
Data collection All use same methods Repeatability & reproducibility UP

Water quality Pure Dissolved or suspended solids

Turbidity Cloudiness

T. tube T. meter Secchi disk

A3 Fourth and final!!!!