1. April 12, 2017
Respiratory System

2. Respiratory Anatomy

3. Flow of air Air enters through the external nares (nostrils)
The cilia in the nasal cavity don’t work as well in cold weather, which is why you may get a runny nose in the cold.
Air enters through the external nares (nostrils)
Nasal cavity.
Nasal cavity is lined with ciliated, mucosal epithelial tissue that trap inhaled particles and sweep them towards the throat to be swallowed and digested.
Contains three lobes (conchae) which increase the surface area of mucosa exposed to air to better trap particles
Pharynx (upper throat)
Passage for both food and air
Contains tonsils
Flow of air

4. Flow of air Larynx (aka voice box)
If food / liquid does get past the epiglottis, it triggers the cough reflex.
Larynx (aka voice box)
Acts to prevent food and liquid from going into trachea.
Epiglottis is located at the top of larynx. Normally it allows free passage of air, but when we swallow, the larynx is pulled up and the epiglottis tips over, sealing off the larynx.
The vocal cords – a pair of membranes that vibrate as we expel air are also in the larynx. The passage between the vocal cords is the glottis.
Swallowing animation!
Put your hand over your throat and swallow – what you feel moving is your larynx!
Flow of air

5. Flow of air Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
also contains ciliated mucosa to trap particles
Bronchi
Largest air tubes of lungs
Bronchioles
Smallest of the air tubes
Alveoli
Site of gas exchange
Take up most of the space of the lungs
Covered with capillaries to exchange gasses with blood.
Bronchitis = inflammation of bronchi
Flow of air

6. Other important structures
Sinuses
Spaces in the skull bones
Act as resonance chambers for speech and produce mucus
Sinusitis = inflammation of sinus membranes
Pleural membranes
Sac surrounding lungs
Fluid-filled space reduces friction as lungs expand and contract
Tightly bound to thorax wall, which is essential to breathing b/c it allows the lungs to expand and contract with muscular movement.
Other important structures

7. What structures in the respiratory system help with disease prevention
What structures in the respiratory system help with disease prevention? Are those structures specific or non-specific defenses?
Name some similarities between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
Making Connections

8. Inspiration & Expiration
Diaphragm & external intercostals contract, expanding the chest cavity and the lung capacity.
Causes a decrease in pressure within the lungs.
Air rushes into the lungs.
Expiration
Diaphragm & external intercostals relax, reducing the chest cavity and the lung capacity.
Causes a increase in pressure within the lungs.
Watch me!
Exhalation is normally passive (we just relax muscles, we do not contract any), but we CAN actively exhale and do after exercise.
How does the process of breathing help the cardiovascular system?
Inspiration & Expiration

9. Regulation of Breathing
Revisit Do Now – How is breathing regulation similar to and different from heart beat regulation?
Breathing rate is controlled by respiratory centers in the pons and medulla.
There is a ‘normal’ rate of inspiration ( breaths / min) maintained by self-exciting cells
Many sensory inputs act to increase or decrease this normal
Low O2 ↑
High CO2 ↑
Low blood pH ↑
Irritants/stretch ↑
High body temp ↑
Emotions ↑↓
Volition ↑↓
Usually, Our body is more sensitive to CO2 / blood pH levels than to O2
Regulation of Breathing

10. COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder
3rd or 4th leading cause of death (after heart disease and cancer, about tied with stroke)
Inability of air to get to capillaries of lungs
Two major diseases associated with COPD
COPD is strongly associated with smoking, but it can also be caused by air pollution
Chronic bronchitis – inflammation of bronchi & excessive mucus production
Emphysema –
destruction of
alveoli
Usually people have a combination of both
How does each disease reduce gas exchange?
COPD

11. COPD Shortness of breath Enlargement of right side of heart
Silent for years. Dysnpea (shortness of breath) usually first sign; cor pulmonare = pulmonary heart disease – enlargement of right side of heart
COPD
COPD is also characterized by high CO2 levels – so high, that overtime, the body starts to ignore that information and focus on O2 levels

12. COPD Pulmonary rehabilitation  breathing exercises
Silent for years. Dysnpea (shortness of breath) usually first sign; cor pulmonare = pulmonary heart disease – enlargement of right side of heart
Pulmonary rehabilitation  breathing exercises
Surgery  removal of part of the lungs or lung transplant
COPD

13. Closure What were our objectives and what did you learn?
How does this relate to our unit question? (How do body systems work together?)
How did we demonstrate our learner profile trait?
Silent for years. Dysnpea (shortness of breath) usually first sign; cor pulmonare = pulmonary heart disease – enlargement of right side of heart
Closure