1. Young Voices During the Holocaust: Their Legacies Continue
Presenters:
Felicia Alexander / USHMM Teacher Fellow
Amy McDonald/ USHMM Teacher Fellow

2. Salvaged Pages by Alexandra Zapruder

3. Focusing on Four Female Diarists
Eva Ginzova – Terezin Ghetto
Anonymous Girl – Lodz Ghetto
Miriam Korber – Transnistria (Romania, western Ukraine); Forced deportation, ghetto
Elsa Binder - Stanislawow, Poland; Ghetto, execution site

4. Eva Ginzova Terezin/Theresienstadt Ghetto

5. Terezin/Theresienstadt Ghetto
Neither a ghetto or strictly a concentration camp
Transit camp, ghetto-labor camp, holding pen
Used for German propaganda; ghetto “beautified” for International Red Cross visit in June 1944
Arrival of a transport of Dutch Jews in the Theresienstadt ghetto. Czechoslovakia, February 1944.
— US Holocaust Memorial Museum

6. Terezin/Theresienstadt Ghetto
Had a highly developed cultural life
Lectures, concerts, and theater performances. The ghetto maintained a lending library of 60,000 volumes.
The cast of the children's opera Brundibar by Hans Krasa. The opera was performed 55 times in Theresienstadt.

7. Terezin 15,000 children passed through Terezin Attended school
Approximately 90% of these children perished in death camps.

8. Eva Ginzova and Petr Ginz, 1934
Regarding this photo, what do you see?
What details stand out? 
What is this photo’s significance? 

9. Journal Entries – Eva Ginzova
Read the following journal entries:
Sept , 1944
Is this form of separation (deportation) different from other forms of loss that we experience in peacetime?  How?
Read May 14, 1945
Read April 14, 1947
Why do you think Eva chose to write these
final words?

10. Anonymous Girl Lodz Ghetto
Map: US Holocaust Memorial Museum

11. Lodz Ghetto
Lodz Ghetto located in part of Poland partitioned into German “Reich”
Completely segregated from ethnic German population and Poles
Sealed ghetto; no smuggling or trading with outside world
Image: US Holocaust Memorial Museum

12. Slave Labor in Lodz Ghetto
German forces established factories for the war effort
Exploited the ghetto’s residents for forced labor

13. Slave Labor in Lodz Ghetto
Chaim Rumkowski - leader of the Jewish Council in the  Łódź ghetto
Hoped to prevent the destruction of the ghetto by making it an essential labor force.

14. Hunger and Deportations
Ghetto inhabitants forced to depend on German allocations
Hunger, starvation more widespread in Lodz than in any of other major ghettos
January 1942 – deportations to Chelmno begin
Jews from the Lodz ghetto board deportation trains for the Chelmno death camp. Image: US Holocaust Memorial Museum

15. Chelmno Killing Center
Those unable to work at greatest risk for deportation
Located 35 miles from Lodz
Death by carbon monoxide poisioning in gas vans
Map: US Holocaust Memorial Museum

16. Miriam Korber Transnistria
Map: US Holocaust Memorial Museum

17. Romania in 1930s Long history of antisemitism
Succession of Romanian leaders and antisemitic political parties
Legal, economic, social restrictions on Jews
August 1940 – antisemitic legislation based on Nazi Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935 enacted
September 1940 – Fascist leader Ion Antonescu and Iron Guard party in power

18. Romania Allies with Germany
November 1940 – Romania joined Axis Powers
June 1941 – Germany (with ally Romania) invades Soviet Union
July Romania regained territories of Bessarabia and Bukovina
Adolf Hitler shakes hands with Prime Minister of Romania Ion Antonescu. Photo: US Holocaust Memorial Museum

19. Romanian Deportations to Transnistria
Mass executions and deportations of Jews in Bessarabia and Bukovina begin
Miriam and family deported on Oct. 12, 1941; arrived in Djurin, Transnistria on Nov. 4
Miriam begins journal in Dec. 1941
Map: US Holocaust Memorial Museum

20. Miriam Korber
Miriam Korber and family at family shop, 1938

21. Miriam Korber
Unlike other writers in Salvaged Pages, Mirian was deported and forced into a ghetto by the government of her native country.
Other writers suffered at the hands of the Germans who had occupied their countries.
Think about how this fundamental difference in Miriam’s circumstances shaped her experiences of deportation and ghettoization.

22. Elsa Binder Stanislawow, Poland
Map: US Holocaust Memorial Museum

23. Start of WWII – September, 1939
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (Aug. 1939)
Eastern Poland annexed to Soviet Union
Stanislawow, Poland under Soviet rule
Map: US Holocaust Memorial Museum

24. June 1941 – Germany Invades Soviet Union
Stanislawow occupied by Hungarian troops
July 1941 – occupied by German troops
Jewish repressions and executions begin
Map: US Holocaust Memorial Museum

25. Jewish People Before Their Execution in Stanisławów
October 1941
Jewish People Before Their Execution in Stanisławów
Massacre of 10,000 Jews in Stanislawow
Dec – ghetto established
Elsa Binder begins her diary
Writes from Dec.1941– June 1942
Photo Archive, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem

26. Major Deportations to Belzec Killing Center
March 18, 1942 – 5000 people without work permits deported to Belzec
September 1942 – 5000 more sent to Belzec
February 1943 – ghetto liquidated
Source: US Holocaust Memorial Museum

27. Elsa Binder Elsa Binder (at left) with friends
Elsa Binder with members of the Zionist youth group, Hashomer Hazair.

28. Contact Info / Resources
Felicia Alexander:
Amy McDonald:
Facing History, Teaching Salvaged Pages website -
US Holocaust Memorial Museum -