1. Daily Warm-up March 19th
During the Quarter Quell, Katniss Everdeen searches for water in the arena. Before she found it, she began to become dehydrated. What would happen because of this in terms of ADH? How would this help her condition?
HW:
-Read 35.1
Turn in:
-Nothing

2. Animals and Immune Systems
Animals are the only organisms with major immune systems
Help defend against pathogens= disease-causing agents
Ex. Bacteria, fungi, protists, viruses
2 major components
Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity
Response to specific pathogens
Both ways require molecular
recognition

3. Innate Immunity Found in all animals and plants Invertebrates
Hard exoskeleton in insects
Immune cells- phagocytosis

5. Innate Immunity of Vertebrates
Barrier Defenses (external)
Skin
Mucous membranes
Other body secretions
Ex. Lysozyme
Acidic environment of stomach
Ciliated epithelia

6. Innate Immunity of Vertebrates Continued
Cellular Innate Defenses (internal)
Phagocytic cells
Macrophages
Natural killer cells
Release chemicals
Lymphatic system helps

7. Innate Immunity Continued
Pathogen presence triggers polypeptide and protein production
Interferons- proteins that help with viral infections
Complement System
-Proteins in plasma that can lead to lysis of invading cells

8. Innate Immunity Continued
Inflammatory response
Signaling molecules released upon injury or infection
Swelling and pain
Molecules (cytokines and histamine) to increase blood flow to site of injury or infection *Fever

9. Daily Warm-up March 20th
What is one example of innate immunity? HW: -Read 35.2 Turn in: -Nothing

10. Adaptive Immunity Pathogen-specific recognition
Relies on T cells and B cells
White blood cells known as lymphocytes
Anything that brings about response from the cells is known as an antigen
Usually proteins or polysaccharides
Pathogen recognition is done by an antigen receptor on T and B cells

11. Antigen Recognition by B cells and Antibodies
B cells have membrane-bound antigen receptors
Antibodies- proteins secreted by cells rather than membrane-bound

13. Antigen Recognition by T Cells
T cells bind only to fragments of antigens
MHC molecule- protein on cell that displays fragment of antigen

14. Adaptive Immunity Characteristics
Immense diversity of lymphocytes and receptors
Allow your body to respond to pathogens that have never been encountered
Self-tolerance
Not attack self
Cell proliferation triggered by activation
Increases number of B and T cells specific for an antigen
Stronger and more rapid response to an antigen encountered previously
Immunological memory

15. Generation of B and T Cell Diversity
1 million different B cell receptors, 10 million T cell
Only 20,000 protein-coding genes
How can this happen?

16. Origin of Self-Tolerance
How does body know self?
Lymphocytes are tested for self-reactivity during development
If have antigen receptors for body, the cell is destroyed

17. Proliferation of B and T cells
Binding of an antigen receptor to an epitope starts events
Activates B cell or T cell
Once activated, begin cellular divisions
Clones are effector cells
B cells= plasma cells which secrete antibodies
T cells= helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
Memory cells= give rise to effector cells if same antigen is encountered later

19. Immunological Memory Primary Immune Response
Production of effector cells during first exposure to antigen
Secondary Immune Response
Later exposure
Much faster response (2 days)
Prolonged response
Adaptive!!!

21. What is the difference between B cells and T cells? HW: -Read 35.3
Daily Warm-up March 21st
What is the difference between B cells and T cells? HW: -Read 35.3

22. 2 Types of Adaptive Immunity
Humoral
Occurs in body fluids
Antibodies eliminate pathogens and toxins
Cell-mediated
T cells destroy infected host cells
***Both can have a primary and secondary immune response
***Both use helper T cells

23. Helper T cells Trigger both humoral and cell-mediated responses
Release signals that lead to production of antibodies and activate cytotoxic T cells
2 requirements for helper T cell to activate either response
Foreign molecule must bind to antigen receptor of T cell
Antigen must be displayed on surface of antigen-presenting cell
-Ex. B cell or macrophage

24. What is an antigen-presenting cell?
Two classes of MHC molecules
Most cells have only MHC I
Antigen presenting have MHC I and II
Class II provides the correct molecular signature by which a cell is recognized

26. Cell-mediated Response and Cytotoxic T cells
Activated helper T cells can activate cytotoxic T cells
Use toxic proteins (enzymes) to disrupt membrane and trigger cell death

27. B Cells and Antibodies
B cells secrete antibodies in the humoral response
Activation occurs by helper T cells
B cell divides, becoming plasma cells and memory B cells
Antibodies do not kill pathogen directly but marks them and can also inactivate the pathogen
Ex. Virus inactivation

29. Active Immunity vs. Passive Immunity
Active immunity: defenses that arise when a pathogen infects the body
Passive immunity: Antibodies in recipient are produced by another individual
Ex. Fetus and mother
Breast milk and infant
Vaccination/immunization

30. Disruptions in Immune System Regulation
Allergies
Allergens
Trigger release of histamines and inflammatory chemicals

31. Autoimmune Disease Attack against certain molecules of the body
Ex. Lupus
Antibodies that tag histones and DNA
Ex. Rheumatoid arthritis
More females affected than males
Unknown why this is….