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Chapter 10 Bethann Davis MSN,NP Quincy College PNU145 Fall2015
Asepsis Chapter 10 Bethann Davis MSN,NP Quincy College PNU145 Fall2015
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Asepsis Learning objectives: define microorganisms and pathogens
At the end of the chapter, the student will be able to: define microorganisms and pathogens list the six components in the chain of infection name factors to break the chain of infection
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Asepsis define nosocomial infections differentiate between medical and
surgical asepsis list common medical aseptic practices
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Microorganisms Living plants, animals visible only with a microscope
Commonly called germs
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Microorganisms Divided in to 2 groups Pathogens
Nonpathogens (normal flora)
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Microorganisms Many of these will reside within the body without causing diseases Some will cause an infection or infectious diseases
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Types of Pathogens Pathogens-are micro-organisms or microbes that cause infection Bacteria (Staphylococcus, E-coli, strep) Viruses ( HIV, hepatitis, herpes zoster/simplex, ebola) Fungi Molds and yeasts (Candida albicans, Alpergillus) Prions Protein particles
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Pathogens Parasites Protozoa (malaria, toxoplasmosis) and helminths ( worms) Virulence is the ability of a pathogen to invade and injure a host
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Microorganisms Chain of infection: 1. Infectious agent
2. Reservoir for growth 3. Exit route from reservoir 4. Means of transmission 5. Portal of entry 6. Susceptible host
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Microorganisms Chain of infection
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Microorganisms Chain of infection 1. infectious agent
Bacteria, virus, fungus, prior, parasite 2. reservoir for growth Human, animal, water, soil, insect
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Chain of infection 3. Exit route from reservoir
4. Means of transmission
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Microorganisms Chain of infection (cont) 5. Portal of entry
6. Susceptible host
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Infection Process Chain of infection
Causative agent (bacteria, fungus, parasite) Reservoir (human, water, soil, insect) Portal of exit from (means of leaving) the host -Respiratory tract (droplet,airborne) Mycobacterium tuberculosis and strep pn -Gastrointestinal tract Ecoli, hepatitis A, herpes virus
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Chain of infection Skin/MM -herpes and varicella Blood/body fluids
-HIV,hep B and C
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Mode of transmission Contact -direct, indirect, fecal oral Droplet
-sneezing, coughing, talking Airborne -sneezing, coughing Vector borne -Animals or insects (ticks, mosquitoes)
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Portal of entry to the host
May be same as portal or exit Susceptible host -Compromised defense mechanism (immunocompromised, breaks in skin) leave host more susceptible
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Immune Defenses Nonspecific innate immunity -temportary immunity
-intact skin -MM, secretions, phagocytic cells, protective protein -inflammatory response
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Immune Defenses Specific adaptive immunity -Requires time to react
-Provides permanent immunity -Involves B- and T lymphocytes -Produces specific antibodies
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Infection Control (IC)
An infection occurs when the presence of a pathogen leads to a chain of events. All compartments must be present and intact for the infection to occur. Nurses use IC practices (medical/surgical asepsis, standard precautions) to break the chain and stop the spread of infection.
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Microorganisms Nosocomial infections:
an infection acquired while client was in healthcare facility ex. pneumonia, urinary
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Asepsis Asepsis: practices that decrease or
eliminate infectious agents, their reservoirs, and vehicles for transmission Health care professionals use both medical and surgical asepsis to prevent spread of infections.
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Asepsis Medical asepsis: reduces number of organisms
measures that interfere with the chain of infection.
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Infection Process Chain of infection
Causative agent (bacteria, fungus, parasite) Reservoir (human, water, soil, insect) Portal of exit from (means of leaving) the host -Respiratory tract (droplet,airborne) Mycobacterium tuberculosis and strep pn -Gastrointestinal tract Ecoli, hepatitis A, herpes virus
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Stages of an infection Incubation Prodromal stage Illness stage
Convalescence
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Asepsis Surgical asepsis: measures that make supplies and
equipment totally free of organisms practices to avoid contaminating sterile items
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Asepsis Surgical asepsis practices: sterilization using sterile gloves
creating sterile fields following rules of sterile fields/objects
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Asepsis Surgical asepsis practices:
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General considerations
Older clients more susceptible to infections. Maintain intact skin, proper aseptic techniques, personal hygiene, and thorough hand washing. Sick health care workers should take sick leave rather than expose susceptible clients to infectious organisms.
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