1. The Effectiveness of Diet in the Intervention of Dysbiosis of the Gastrointestinal Microbiota on Inflammatory Disease among Adults
By Camille Redmond

2. Let’s break that down What is the microbiota?
Microorganisms that live on and in the body
Includes, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses
Consists of between 75 to 200 trillion individual organisms
Of 1,000 different species of microorganisms
May weigh up to 5 lbs
(Hair & Sharpe, 2014)
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3. The function of the microbiota
Vitamin synthesis
Digestion of dietary fiber
Regulation of inflammatory responses
(Maslowski & Mackay, 2011)
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4. Diet Effects the composition of the gut microbiota
Different human populations have different microbiomes
Contributes to the unique combination of bacteria within an individual
(Flint, Duncan, Scott, & Louis, 2007)
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5. Diet and Beneficial Bacteria
Complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, resistant starch
Legumes, whole grains, vegetables
Short chain fatty acids produced by fermentation
Maintains epithelial barrier function
Diminished oxidative DNA damage
Regulates inflammation
Stimulates immune function
Anti-cancer properties
(Maslowski & Mackay, 2011)
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6. Diet and Pathogenic Bacteria
Refined foods
Think white: flour, sugar, etc.
Prepared/processed foods
Convenience foods
High Fat, protein rich
Animal products
Produces toxic metabolites triggering inflammatory responses
(Berg, Kelly, & Farraye, 2012;
Begley, Hill, & Gahan, 2006)
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7. Dysbiosis Proliferation of pathogenic bacteria
Alters immune function and metabolic activity causing:
Obesity
Insulin resistance
Fatty liver disease
Produces a chronic inflammatory state
Due to increase in bacterial antigens
(Amar et al, 2011)
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8. Prebiotics and Probiotics
Complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, resistant starch
Legumes, whole grains, vegetables
Probiotics
Beneficial bacteria
Yogurt, kefir, fermented vegetables, kombucha
Prebiotics and probiotics
may reverse dysbiosis
(Dore & Blottiere, 2015)
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9. Infancy
Established through the birth process, breast feeding, and the environment
Impacts epigenetic programming of later immunity and of regulation of genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
Reaches a stable microbial population by 3 years of age
(Yatsunenko et al, 2012)
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10. Elderly Over the Age of 65
Malnutrition linked to physiological changes impacting digestion and absorption
Decreased taste and smell
Swallowing difficulties
Masticatory dysfunction
Reduced intestinal motility altering fermentation
Inflammaging
Low grade chronic system inflammation
Contributes to frailty, unhealthy aging, and degenerative disorders
(Salazar et al, 2014)
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11. Future Research Relatively new area of nutritional science Prebiotics
Effects on composition and function of microbiota
Identify potential benefits on specific disease conditions
Further understanding of the composition, function, and interactions between the microbiota and the host
(Brownawell et al, 2012)
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12. Education
Understanding the relationship between the microbiota and the host increases our knowledge of disease
Eating a varied, high-fiber diet will support beneficial bacteria
Diet shapes the microbiota impacting health
(Giorgetti et al, 2015)
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13. Policy Prebiotics and probiotics Health claims not approved by FDA
Nutrient content claims cannot be made because there is no daily value established
Structure/function claims most common
(Brownawell et al, 2012)
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14. Intervention Prebiotics Probiotics Individualized dietary plan
Complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, resistant starch
Legumes, whole grains, vegetables
Probiotics
Beneficial bacteria
Yogurt, kefir, fermented vegetables, kombucha
Individualized dietary plan
(Zhang et al, 2010)
Retrieved December 8, 2015 from

15. References
Amar, J., Chabo, C., Waget, A., Klopp, P., Vachoux, C., Bermudez-Humaran, L. G., … Burcelin, R. (2011). Intestinal mucosal adherence and translocation of commensal bacteria at the early onset of type 2 diabetes: Molecular mechanisms and probiotic treatment. EMBO Molecular Medicine, 3(9),
Begley, M., Hill, C., & Gahan, C. G. M. (2006). Bile sale hydrolase activity in probiotics. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72(3),
Berg, A. M., Kelly, C. P., & Farraye, F. A. (2012). Clostridium difficile infection in the inflammatory bowel disease patient. Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 19,
Brownawell, A. M., Caers, W., Gibson, G. R., Kendall, W. C., Lewis, K. D., Ringel, Y., & Slavin, J. L. (2012). Prebiotics and the health benefits of fiber: Current regulatory status, future research, and goals. Journal of Nutrition, 142(5),
Dore, J. & Blottiere, H. (2015). The influence of diet on the gut microbiota and its consequences for health. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 32,
Flint, H. J., Duncan, S. H., Scott, K. P., & Louis, P. (2007). Interactions and competition within the microbial community of the human colon: Links between diet and health. Environmental Microbiology, 9(5), 1101–1111.
Giorgetti, G., Brandimarte, G., Fabiocchi, F., Ricci, S., Flamini, P., Sandri G., … Tursi, A. (2015). Interactions between innate immunity, microbiota, and probiotics. Journal of Immunology Research, 2015, 1-7.
Hair, M. & Sharpe, J. (2014). Fast facts about the human microbiome. The Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health. Retrieved December 8, 2015 from
Maslowski, K. M. & Mackay, C. R. (2011). Diet, gut microbiota and immune responses. Nature Immunology, 12(1), 5-9.
Salazar, N., Arboleya, S., Valdes, L., Stanton, C., Ross, P., Ruiz, L., … de los Reyes-Gavilan, C. G. (2014). The human intestinal microbiome at extreme ages of life. Dietary intervention as a way to counteract alterations. Frontiers in Genetics, 5, 1-9.
Yatsunenko, T., Rey, F. E., Manary, M. J., Trehan, I., Dominguez-Bello, M. G., Contreras, M., … Gordon, J. I. (2012). Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature, 486(7402),
Zhang, C., Zhang, M., Wang, S., Han, R., Cao, Y., Hua, W., … Zhao, L. (2010). Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet relevant to development of metabolic syndromes in mice. International Society for Microbial Ecology, 2010(4),