1. Science of Biology
By:
Parviz Heidari

3. elements of life

4. Organic Molecules
Organic molecules are molecules composed of carbons and hydrogen, and often containing other elements such as phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen

5. the hierarchy of life

7. Population

8. Community

10. The Characteristics of Living Things
Great Complexity & Organization
Reproduction & Development
Composed of Cells
Mechanism for Inheritance
Metabolism & Homeostasis
Interaction with the environment
Evolution (Adaptation)

11. Cellular Organization
Prokaryotic
cells don’t contain membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic
cells contain membrane-bound organelles

13. Macromolecules

14. Carbohydrates There are two types: The simple sugars
Glucose, sucrose, fructose, …
The complex carbohydrates
long chains of sugars (Starches, cellulose, glycogen)

15. The simple sugars
All carbohydrates are made up of units of sugar (also called saccharide units).
Carbohydrates that contain only one sugar unit are called monosaccharides.

16. The simple sugars

17. The complex carbohydrates

18. Proteins

19. 20 types of Amino acids

20. Proteins

21. Proteins

22. Proteins structure

23. Nucleic Acids

24. Nucleic Acids

25. Nucleic Acids

26. Bases

28. DNA forms

29. 0.1 Nano = 1 Angstrom

30. Lipids Insoluble water Fats are a sub group of lipids
Other lipids include waxes, and steroids, such as cholesterol

31. Fats

32. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid

33. Cell and cell structures

34. Cell

36. Cell Division
Mitosis
Meiosis

37. Mitosis

38. Meiosis

39. Crossing over

41. Cell organelle

42. Ribosome

43. Cell membrane

44. passive and active transport

45. Endoplasmic Reticulum

46. Golgi Apparatus

47. Golgi Apparatus Present in most eukaryotic cells
One major function is to modify, sort, and package proteins to be secreted.

48. Mitochondria

49. Mitochondria Produce the energy Pyruvate and the citric acid cycle
NADH and FADH2: the electron transport chain
Heat production
Storage of calcium ions

50. Plasts

51. Chloroplast

52. Chloroplast
The main role of chloroplasts is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water.
Function
Plant innate immunity
Photosynthesis
Energy carriers
Amino acid synthesis
Sugars and starches ….

53. Microbodies
Microbodies contain enzymes that participate in the preparatory or intermediate stages of biochemical reactions within the cell.
This facilitates the breakdown of fats, alcohols and amino acids.
Generally microbodies are involved in detoxification of peroxides and in photo respiration in plants.

54. Different types of microbodies
Peroxisomes
break down large molecules and detoxify hazardous substances
Glyoxysomes
convert stored lipids into carbohydrates

55. Lysosomes
Spherical vesicles which contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down virtually all kinds of biomolecules

56. Vacuole Containing waste products Containing water in plant cells
Exporting unwanted substances from the cell
Maintaining an acidic internal pH

57. The Cell Nucleus

61. Genetic inheritance
One chromosome from each pair is inherited from your mother and one is inherited from your father. The chromosomes contain the genes you inherit from your parents.

62. Gregor Johann Mendel
Austrian Monk, born in what is now Czech Republic in 1822
Went to the university of Vienna, where he studied botany and learned the Scientific Method
Worked with pure lines of peas for eight years
In 1866 he published Experiments in Plant hybridization
Work was largely ignored for 34 years, until 1900, when 3 independent botanists rediscovered Mendel’s work.

63. Genetics terms you need to know:
Gene – a unit of heredity; a section of DNA sequence encoding a single protein
Genome – the entire set of genes in an organism
Alleles – two genes that occupy the same position on homologous chromosomes and that cover the same trait (like ‘flavors’ of a trait).
Locus – a fixed location on a strand of DNA where a gene or one of its alleles is located.

64. Homozygous – having identical genes (one from each parent) for a particular characteristic.
Heterozygous – having two different genes for a particular characteristic.
Dominant – the allele of a gene that masks or suppresses the expression of an alternate allele; the trait appears in the heterozygous condition.
Recessive – an allele that is masked by a dominant allele; does not appear in the heterozygous condition, only in homozygous.

65. Genotype – the genetic makeup of an organisms
Phenotype – the physical appearance
of an organism (Genotype + environment)
Monohybrid cross: a genetic cross involving a single pair of genes (one trait); parents differ by a single trait.
P = Parental generation
F1 = First filial generation; offspring from a genetic cross.
F2 = Second filial generation of a genetic cross

66. Dihybrid cross

67. Test cross
When you have an individual with an unknown genotype, you do a test cross.
Test cross: Cross with a homozygous recessive individual.
For example, a plant with purple flowers can either be PP or Pp… therefore, you cross the plant with a pp (white flowers, homozygous recessive)
P ?  pp

68. Test cross

70. Incomplete Dominance 
Snapdragon flowers come in many colors.
If you cross a red snapdragon (RR) with a white snapdragon (rr)
You get PINK flowers (Rr)!
R R
r r 
Genes show incomplete dominance when the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate.
R r

71. Incomplete dominance R r R r
When F1 generation (all pink flowers) is self pollinated, the F2 generation is 1:2:1 red, pink, white
Incomplete Dominance
R r
R R
R r
r r R r

72. Incomplete dominance  A pink with a red? 
What happens if you cross a pink with a white? 
A pink with a red? 

73. Gene structure

74. Transcription

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