1. Petroleum and Gas Processing(TKK-2136)
16/17 Semester
Petroleum and Gas Processing(TKK-2136)
Instructor: Rama Oktavian
Office Hr.: M.10-15, Tu , W , Th , F

2. Outlines 1. Crude oil: Introduction and sources
2. Crude oil: Properties
3. The overview of refinery process
4. Crude oil products uses

3. Crude oil: Introduction
Crude oil is a mixture of different sized hydrocarbons. The exact composition depends upon where the oil comes from but typically it contains a lot of big molecules

4. Crude oil: Introduction
Crude oil composition
Crude oil is a mixture of different sized hydrocarbons. The exact composition depends upon where the oil comes from but typically it contains a lot of big molecules
Crude oil is composed of the following groups:
Hydrocarbon compounds
Non-hydrocarbon compounds
Organometallic compound and inorganic salt (metallic compound)
The most common metal impurities found in crude oils are nickel, vanadium, and sodium

5. Crude oil: Introduction
Crude oil composition

6. Crude oil: Introduction
Crude oil composition

7. Crude oil: Introduction
Crude oil composition
Paraffins

8. Crude oil: Introduction
Crude oil composition
Aromatics and napthenes

9. Crude oil: Introduction
Crude oil composition
Olefins

10. Crude oil: Introduction
Type of crude oil

11. The overview of refinery process
Oil refinery process history in Indonesia
The Indonesia government authority began to inventory the sources of state revenue, including oil and gas
PT PERMINA was restructured into a state-owned company known as PN PERMINA
the Indonesian government issued Law No. 8/ 1971, which positioned Pertamina as the only state owned enterprise tasked with managing the oil and gas business

12. The overview of refinery process
Oil refinery process history in Indonesia

13. The overview of refinery process
PT. Pertamina refinery
Pertamina also has 2 (two) operating companies i.e. PT Arun LNG operating LNG plant in Arun (12.5Mton per year) and PT Badak LNG operating LNG plant in Bontang (22.5 Mton per year).

14. The overview of refinery process
Oil reserves in Indonesia

15. The overview of refinery process
Oil reserves in Indonesia

16. The overview of refinery process
Oil reserves in Indonesia

17. The overview of refinery process
Business process

18. Crude oil: Introduction
Crude oil properties

19. Crude oil: Introduction
Crude assay
a compilation of laboratory and pilot plant data that define the properties of the specific crude oil
At minimum, it should contain distillation curve and specific gravity curve

20. Crude oil: Properties The true boiling point curve
The true boiling point (TBP)
D.S. Jones, P.R. Pujady, Handbook of Petroleum Processing, pp. 21
The true boiling point curve
a plot of the boiling points of almost pure components, contained in the crude oil or fractions of the crude oil

21. Crude oil: Properties an expression of the density of an oil
API Gravity
an expression of the density of an oil
refers to density at 60◦F (15.6◦C)
relationship with specific gravity

22. Crude oil: Properties
API Gravity

23. Crude oil: Properties
Flash point
the temperature at which the vapor above the oil will
momentarily flash or explode.
Testing using ASTM Standards Part 7, Petroleum products and Lubricants
ASTM D1711, D09 and D1695
Octane number
a measure of a gasoline’s resistance to knock or detonation in
a cylinder of a gasoline engine
that percentage of isooctane in a blend of isooctane and normal heptane that exactly matches the knock behavior of the gasoline

24. Crude oil: Properties
Cloud point
The temperature at which the oil becomes hazy or cloudy
Pour point
The temperature at which the oil ceases to flow altogether determined by ASTM D97
Cut point
The temperature on the whole crude TBP curve that represents the limits (upper and lower) of a fraction to be produced
End point
The actual terminal temperatures of a fraction produced commercially

25. Crude oil: Properties

26. Crude oil: Properties

27. Crude oil: Properties
Conversion between TBP and ASTM distillation

28. Crude oil: Properties
Conversion between TBP and ASTM distillation

29. Crude oil: Properties
Conversion between TBP and ASTM distillation

30. Crude oil: Properties
Conversion between TBP and ASTM distillation

31. Crude oil: Properties Conversion between TBP and ASTM distillation
Convert this using TBP and Daubert method

32. Crude oil: Properties
Breakup of TBP Curve into Pseudo-components

33. Crude oil: Properties Breakup of TBP Curve into Pseudo-components
The end point of the cut is C (425 F) and the IBP is 5.4 C (22 F). Therefore each pseudo-component has a temperature interval of (218.2 þ 5.4)/20 or 11.2 C. Then the curve can be cut as follows. The EBP of the first cut is IBP þ 11.2 C or 5.8 C. The average boiling point for the first pseudo-component is (5.4 þ 5.8)/2 or 0.2 C. The vol% is 2.84 as read from the TBP curve. The second cut has an end boiling point of 17 C and an end volume percent of Therefore, the vol% of this cut is or 3.36 vol%. The average boiling point for the second cut is (17 þ 5.8)/2 or 11.4 C.

34. Crude oil: Properties
Breakup of TBP Curve into Pseudo-components

35. Crude oil: Properties Breakup of TBP Curve into Pseudo-components
Cut into 20 Pseudo-components

36. The overview of refinery process
Block diagram

37. The overview of refinery process
Crude distillation unit (CDU)
Atmospheric crude distillation unit
Vacuum distillation unit
Atmospheric Crude distillation unit (CDU)
Process objectives:
To distill and separate valuable distillates (naphtha, kerosene,
diesel) and atmospheric gas oil (AGO) from the crude feedstock.
Process steps:
1. Preheat the crude feed utilizing recovered heat from the product
Streams
2. Desalt and dehydrate the crude using electrostatic enhanced
liquid/liquid separation (Desalter)
3. Heat the crude to the desired temperature using fired heaters
4. Flash the crude in the atmospheric distillation column
5. Utilize pump around cooling loops to create internal liquid reflux
6. Product draws are on the top, sides, and bottom

38. The overview of refinery process
Atmospheric Crude distillation unit (CDU)
Typical product:

39. The overview of refinery process
Atmospheric Crude distillation unit (CDU)

40. The overview of refinery process
Vacuum Crude distillation unit (CDU)
Process objectives:
To recover valuable gas oils from reduced crude via vacuum distillation
Process steps:
1. Heat the reduced crude to the desired temperature using fired
Heaters
2. Flash the reduced crude in the vacuum distillation column
3. Utilize pumparound cooling loops to create internal liquid reflux
4. Product draws are on the top, sides, and bottom

41. The overview of refinery process
Vacuum Crude distillation unit (CDU)
Typical product:

42. The overview of refinery process
Vacuum Crude distillation unit (CDU)

43. Oil refinery products list

44. Oil refinery products list
Petroleum gas - used for heating, cooking, making plastics
Naphtha or Ligroin - intermediate that will be further processed to make gasoline
Gasoline - motor fuel
Kerosene - fuel for jet engines and tractors; starting material for making other products
Gas oil or Diesel distillate - used for diesel fuel and heating oil; starting material for making other products
Lubricating oil - used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants
Heavy gas or Fuel oil - used for industrial fuel; starting material for making other products
Residuals - coke, asphalt, tar, waxes; starting material for making other products

45. Oil refinery products list
Cylinder of LPG
Sample of gasoline
Sample of kerosene
Sample of diesel fuel