1. Smart Mobility Performance Measures
Jerry Walters
Fehr & Peers

2. Smart Mobility Performance Objectives
Multi-Modal Performance
Speed Suitability
Activity Connectedness
Climate Change Considerations
Land Use Efficiency
Network Optimization
Productivity over Convenience
Equity

3. 1. Multi-Modal Metrics
Consider all transportation system users, regardless of travel mode, with respect to:
Accidents and safety
Travel time mobility
Reliability
Level of Service
e.g. multi-modal LOS methods in 2010 Highway Capacity Manual from the Transportation Research Board.

4. Multi-Modal LOS in 2010 HCM
Auto: stops/ mile, % speed limit, median, turn lanes
Transit: wait time, ride time, loading, ped LOS
Pedestrians: ped density, sidewalks, buffers, street width, traffic level
Cyclists: lane width, traffic and truck count and speed, parking, pavement and stops

5. Multi-Modal LOS Example
Alt. 2 reduces total traveler delay by 8% with no increase in vehicle delay.
Alt. 3 increases vehicle delay by 8% but reduces delay for all travelers 5%.
Arup, Van Ness Ave BRT Alternatives Analysis, 2008 5

6. 2. Speed Suitability
Change from conventional “design speed” based solely on facility type
Determine context-suitable speed considering adjoining activities, land use and place type, multi-modal users
Design facility to enforce suitable speed through physical design features and speed management techniques

7. Speed Suitability Improves Safety for all Users

8. Speed Suitability Improves Safety for all Users

9. Objective-Based Speed Management
Suitable Speed
Travel Speed

10. Speed Management and Carrying Capacity10

11. Speed Management and Carrying Capacity
28% increase in design speed
Abrupt speed drop
5% increase in capacity 11

12. 3. Activity Connectedness
Location efficiency and stewardship
Objectives-based planning of transportation system and the land use patterns it serves
Account for the travel distances and modal connections among all activities to limit induced development and induced travel
Reduce separations between:
workers and jobs
shoppers and shopping
families and schools
residents and social, rec.

13. Share of Income Spent on Housing and Transportation
Source: Center for Neighborhood Technology, 2006

14. Transportation Growth Constraint: 30% traffic growth/ 10% cap. growth
5% thru
45% thru
15% thru
5% thru

15. Blueprint Scenario Planning to Reduce VMT (20% – 40%)
Full text:
Initiate the Smart Mobility Project by introducing project goals, concepts, and illustrations of Smart Mobility approaches from across the Country.
Gain preliminary agreement on a definition of Smart Mobility and a set of Smart Mobility principles that will be used to develop a Smart Mobility screening tool and other applications for the Department and partner agencies.
Focus on the task of mainstreaming Smart Mobility in all of the Department’s functional areas.
Engage headquarters and district staff as well as key representatives of partner agencies for continued participation in the Smart Mobility Project. 15

16. Induced Travel Travel Efficiency vs VMT Generation:
Elasticity = 20% to 50%
Key factors affecting induced travel:
Land availability and cost
Congestion severity
Congestion duration
Degree of traffic diversion
Degree of trip suppression

17. 4. Climate Change Considerations
AB 32 and SB 375 coordination of RTPs with “sustainable communities strategies”
Land use and transportation plans and environmental assessments to include CO2 analyses.
Quantify VMT and travel flow resulting from transportation proposal relative to regional targets

18. “D” Factors Reduce VMT Density dwellings, jobs per acre
Diversity mix of housing, jobs, retail
Design connectivity, walkability
Destinations regional accessibility
Distance to Transit rail proximity
Development Scale pop, jobs
Demographics household size, income
Demand Management pricing, incentives
When they looked for the reason, they found that there were four factors that influenced the amount of traffic generated per person. We call these the 4 D’s:
[read bullet points]
Each one contributes to making people more or less auto-dependent

19. System Expansion? Address in Blueprints and RTP SCS
Transportation improvements support SCS
Address interregional travel
Limit induced travel
Types of per capita VMT
Sustaining
Manageable
Productive
Induced

20. Daily VMT per Household

21. Requires Land Use Efficiency and TDM Strategies, Pricing

22. Traffic Speed and Flow Stability affects CO2/ VMT and MPG

23. 5. Land Use Efficiency
Reduce the overall footprint of development and transportation facilities
Minimize acres of sensitive land consumed by transportation project and associated development
Transportation plan and accommodated land use
Alternative corridor transportation modes
Project alignment design

24. Design Speed and Footprint
Design roadway features to induce desired speed for safety, function and context:
Rural
Suburban Neighborhood
Suburban Corridor
Town/Village Center
Urban Core
Regional Arterial
45-55
35-40
35-55
30-35
Community Arterial
35-50
25-30
AASHTO Green Book (2001), and ITE “Context Sensitive Solutions in Designing Major Urban Thoroughfares for Walkable Communities” (2006).

25. Design Speed and Footprint
narrower total roadway width
tighter curvature
narrower clear zones
lower super-elevation
smaller intersections, more frequent access
smaller curb return radii
smaller median offset

26. Reduced Footprint and Costs for Construction and Maintenance
narrower total roadway width
tighter curvature*
narrower clear zones
lower super-elevation
smaller intersections/ interchanges
*Tighter Curvature
50 mph
70 mph
Horizontal Curvature
1000 feet
2500 feet
Vertical Curvature
3000 feet *

27. 6. Network Optimization
Management of the transportation network to accommodate greatest number of travelers with the minimal instability, benefits:
capital and operating/ maintenance cost
cost of natural resources
environmental impacts
opportunity or land efficiency costs
Considerations:
role of parallel and access-oriented facilities and services
ITS, signal coordination, ramp metering, in-vehicle and roadside technology to reduce headways

28. Network Management Strategies
Congestion Mitigation
Signal coordination
Ramp metering
Incident management
Flow Smoothing
Variable speed limit
Intelligent speed adapt.
Speed Management
Improved enforcement
Speed limiters
Active accelerator pedal
CO2 20 60
Speed
Barth, Matthew; ITS and the Environment, UCR, 2008

29. 7. Productivity over Convenience
Reliable multi-modal transportation system for economic well-being, and interregional and interstate travel
Instead of generic “lost time due to congestion”, assess productivity lost
Differentiate sustaining travel and productive travel from induced travel
Differentiate recreational trips from work-related and commerce
Full text:
Initiate the Smart Mobility Project by introducing project goals, concepts, and illustrations of Smart Mobility approaches from across the Country.
Gain preliminary agreement on a definition of Smart Mobility and a set of Smart Mobility principles that will be used to develop a Smart Mobility screening tool and other applications for the Department and partner agencies.
Focus on the task of mainstreaming Smart Mobility in all of the Department’s functional areas.
Engage headquarters and district staff as well as key representatives of partner agencies for continued participation in the Smart Mobility Project. 29

30. Plan-level and project-level
8. Equity
Plan-level and project-level
Evaluate costs, benefits and impacts differentially by
economic and ethnic group
geographic area

31. Performance Measures with Equity Dimensions
Accident rates
Speed suitability
Modal mobility, consistency
Activity connectedness
Universal Accessibility (ADA)
Emissions and noise impacts
Land use efficiency
LOS

32. Plan-Level Equity Evaluation
Compare minority and low income households to regional average for:
Jobs and schools within 30 minutes by transit
Jobs and schools within 30 minutes by fastest mode
Frequency of bus service within ¼ mile.
Universal accessibility

33. Typical Equity Analysis
2030 Trend
2030 SCS
Work/school trips within 30 min
Low income population
58%
59%
Non low income population
56%
57%
Minority population
Non minority population
55%
Homes wi 1/2 mile of transit stop
93%
64%
66%
80%
81%
61%
62%

34. Project-Level Equity Metrics
Compare minority and low income households to non-minority, mid/high income households for:
Displaced households.
Households subjected to noise above threshold
Households subjected to criteria pollutants above threshold
Universal accessibility (ADA)

35. Equity of Pricing Strategies
Effects of pricing strategies on individual socio-economic groups
Measure proportions of affected travelers within different income strata and ethnic populations
Differentiate transit cost from driver cost
Express cost as a percentage of income
Report relative degrees of benefit and impact to each affected group

36. Smart Mobility Performance Objectives
Multi-Modal Performance
Speed Suitability
Activity Connectedness
Climate Change Considerations
Land Use Efficiency
Network Optimization
Productivity over Convenience
Equity

37. Smart Mobility Performance Measures (part 1)
Conventional Measure
Smart Mobility Measure
Safety
Accident Rates and Severity
Modal Accident Rates, Severity
Design Speed
Speed Suitability
Mobility
Highway Travel-Time Mobility
Modal Travel-Time Mobility
Highway Travel-Time Consistency
Modal Travel-Time Consistency
General Accessibility
Activity Connectedness
ADA Accessibility
Universal Accessibility (ADA)
Ped & Bike Mode Share
Transit Mode Share
Economy
Time Lost to Congestion (VHD)
Productivity Lost to Congestion
Capacity, Volume/Capacity
Network Optimization
Return on Investment (ROI)
ROI Nexus 37

38. Smart Mobility Performance Measures (part 2)
Conventional Measure
Smart Mobility Measure
Environmental Quality
Vehicle Miles Traveled
VMT per capita relative to AB32 Target
Fuel Consumption
Energy Consumption
Emissions
Emissions, including CO2
Noise Impacts
Reductions in Ag, Wetlands
Land Use Efficiency
Customer Satisfaction
Level of Service
Multi-Modal LOS
Speed and Delay
Multi-Modal Accessibility . 38

39. Afternoon Session on Performance Measures
Review three case studies illustrating application of performance measures
Small groups review of case studies, assess effectiveness of performance measures
Report back to full group

40. Case #1: RTP + SCS
Coordinate transportation (RTP) and land use planning (SCS) to achieve:
acceptable levels of travel accessibility
regional economic vitality
cost-effective infrastructure investments
minimal environmental impacts, induced travel
Conformity with AB32 and SB375 40

41. Case #2: Context Sensitive Design
Arterial creates barrier and economic disincentive through established community
Goal to improve safety and convenience for travelers and affected community and sustain community value
Full text:
Initiate the Smart Mobility Project by introducing project goals, concepts, and illustrations of Smart Mobility approaches from across the Country.
Gain preliminary agreement on a definition of Smart Mobility and a set of Smart Mobility principles that will be used to develop a Smart Mobility screening tool and other applications for the Department and partner agencies.
Focus on the task of mainstreaming Smart Mobility in all of the Department’s functional areas.
Engage headquarters and district staff as well as key representatives of partner agencies for continued participation in the Smart Mobility Project. 41

42. Case #3: Management of Freeway Corridor
50-mile transportation corridor exhibits:
traffic congestion
lack of parallel roadway capacity
transit facilities approaching ridership capacity
incomplete HOV network
gaps and barriers within the bicycle network 42

43. Smart Mobility Performance Measures Questions?