1. Native Americans

2. Olmecs One of the earliest Civilizations in the Americas.
A Civilization is a culture that has developed forms of government, religion, and learning.
The Olmecs lived in Southeastern Mexico. They lived on the East Coast of Mexico.
Later groups learned so much from the Olmecs that they are known as the “Mother Civilization.”

3. Olmecs: The Mother Civilization
Powerful Priests governed the Olmecs.
Many of the daily activities of the Olmecs were centered around religion.
They believed in many Gods. The most important was the “Rain God.”
The Olmecs built great stone temples, or places of worship.
Some temples were built on top of pyramids.

4. Near the temples were paved roads that led to other buildings and a marketplace.
Government leaders lived in this central area.
Huge stone faces looked out over the village.
Olmec artists may have carved the faces to look like their rulers’ faces.
During religious services Priests wore bright-red robes covered with jaguar skins. This was because the Olmecs believed that the “Rain God” appeared as a jaguar.
The Olmecs developed their own number system, writing system, and calendar.
They also traded with people hundreds of miles away. This trade gave people a chance to exchange ideas.

5. Mound Builders
The Mound Builders built a civilization in North America in the eastern half of what is today the United States. (Mississippi River Valley)

6. Most mounds were smaller and used to bury the dead.
Serpent Mound
The Mound Builders got their name because of the large mounds, or hills of earth, they built.
One of the most famous mounds is called the Serpent Mound which forms the shape of a snake.
Most mounds were smaller and used to bury the dead.

7. The most important people were given the fanciest mound burials.
First, the body was covered in a kind of paint that was made of reddish-colored earth. Red was the color of blood and life. The mound builders believed the red paint would allow the person’s spirit to live on after death.
Then they laid the body on a bed of bark strips set in the floor of a house.
To help the dead enjoy life after death, people placed jewelry, clay pipes, beads, and other goods around the body.

8. Then they went outside and set the house on fire.
After the house had burned down, they covered the ashes with earth.
Over time more people would be buried there and the mound of earth would rise higher.
The greatest Mound Building Civilization was the Mississippi Mound Builders.
They built huge mounds, some as big as football fields. Some of these were high, box-shaped mounds with temples on top.
Their largest city was where St. Louis, Missouri stands today.

9. Iroquois
The Iroquois lived in what is today the Northeastern United States (New York)
The Iroquois were a group of tribes that lived near each other and spoke similar languages.
For many years, they fought with each other. The fighting began over land and continued out of revenge.

10. The Iroquois often used legends, or stories passed down over time, to explain the past.
One legend says that a chief named Hiawatha wanted peace and visited the tribes asking for peace.
The tribes finally agreed and formed the Iroquois League.
In 1570, the Iroquois League decided to form a confederation, or loose group of governments.
Each tribe governed itself, but matters such as trade and war were decided by the Great Council.
The oldest woman from each tribe chose the council members.
Each member had one vote and all had to agree before anything was done.

11. The Iroquois said that their confederation was like a longhouse.
A longhouse is a long wooden building in which several Iroquois families lived together. These wooden longhouses could hold up to 50 people.
They were built out of elm bark and had a door at each end.
Just as several families shared a longhouse, the five tribes shared the confederation.

12. The Iroquois moved to new locations when their large fields no longer produced a good crop of beans, corn, and squash.
They called beans, squash, and corn "The Three Sisters".
Like many other Native Americans, the Iroquois used wampum-beads cut from seashells-to make beaded designs that showed important decisions, events, or stories.
Wampum was also traded and exchanged for goods. (Barter)

13. TENNESSEE 5 main tribes lived in what is now the state of Tennessee.
They were Chickasaw, Choctaw, Shawnee, Creek, and Cherokee.
The largest tribe was the Cherokee
West Middle East
Chickasaw
Shawnee
Cherokee
Choctaw
Creek

14. Cherokee
The Cherokees made their homes in Tennessee River Valley of the southern Appalachian Mountains. (Eastern Tennessee)
They grew corn, beans, squash, pumpkins, sunflowers, and tobacco.
They gathered wild plants from the forests.
They also fished, and hunted squirrels, rabbits, turkeys, bears, and deer.

15. One house was built to keep them warm in the winter.
Most Cherokees had two houses.
One house was built to keep them warm in the winter.
The winter houses were small, cone-shaped pit houses made of wooden poles covered with earth.
The other house was built to keep them cool in the summer.
The summer houses were larger, box-shaped houses with grass or clay walls and bark roofs.
In both houses, several families of the same clan lived together.
Clans are large groups of related families.

16. Cherokee houses-sometimes as many as 300-400- were built close together to form villages.
At the center of each village was an open square with a temple built high on a flat-topped mound.
This is where the Shamans led ceremonies for the community.
The most important ceremony was the Green Corn Ceremony held at the end of the summer to offer thanks for a good harvest. Corn was the most important crop grown by the Cherokee.
The Shamans also led healing ceremonies. The Cherokee used many plants from the forest as medicines.

17. Each village was governed by a chief.
These chiefs told people what to do in day to day matters.
Each village was also part of a larger Cherokee Confederation.
Sometimes as many as 100 villages came together to discuss important matters----especially matters of war.
High fences made of logs were built around each village to keep out enemies.
In most villages the chief in charge of matter of war was also in charge of a game called “Little War.”
In Little War, players tried to throw a small ball between two posts using a stick with a net on the end.

18. The Cherokee lived mostly in the states of:
Georgia
Tennessee
North Carolina
South Carolina
Virginia

19. While the Cherokee people were living in Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia, they met many Spanish explorers.
The Spanish explorers believed that land was owned by individuals.
The Cherokee believed that land was shared by all.
This led to many disagreements between the Spanish and the Cherokee.
Nancy Ward was a peaceful person. She was loved and respected by the Cherokee tribe and by the white settlers.
She worked to bring peace to all.

20. Nancy Ward Born in 1728 in Chota, Tennessee
Chota was a Cherokee Peace Town
The Cherokee nation's last "Beloved Woman."
Nancy was a devout believer in peaceful co-existence with the whites.
Nancy constantly traveled the territory preventing conflict between the European settlers and the Cherokee people.
She was the reason many peace agreements or treaties were signed.

21. Many native Americans wanted to attack settlers when they moved into Native American lands.
One Cherokee who disagreed was Nancy Ward.
Ward once warned an American about a planned attack on Fort Watagua.

22. Sequoyah
Realizing that a key development to the Cherokee Nation was a written language, Sequoyah began matching symbols with their language.
It took him 12 years to complete the written language. It had 85 symbols. Each symbol represented a sound.
Anyone who could already speak the language, could learn to read and write in 2 weeks.
The Cherokee were then able to send letters called “Talking Leaves” to other tribesmen.

23. Sequoyah was born between 1760 and 1776 along the Tennessee River to an English fur trader and a Cherokee woman.
Originally given the name George Gist an early hunting accident caused him to be crippled and was given the name, Sequoyah -which means "pig's foot“, in Cherokee. 
His handicap enabled him to develop his craftsmanship. His disability was both a curse and blessing.

24. Mayan
Mayans built more than 100 stone cities in Middle or Central America.
Each city had its own ruler and government. For this reason, each was called a city-state.
Mayans borrowed many ideas from the Olmecs.

25. Social Classes The Mayans were divided into social classes.
Social Classes are groups of people that are treated with different amounts of respect in their society.
At the top were the all powerful priests.
Next were the nobles, or people from important families.
The nobles ruled along with the priests.
Below the nobles were the craftspeople who worked with wood, stone, leather, gold, or clay.

26. The only people treated with less respect were the slaves.
Near the bottom were the farmers whose corn fed all of the other classes.
The only people treated with less respect were the slaves.
Slavery is the practice of holding people against their will and making them carry out orders.
Most Mayas who held slaves were the nobles.
Most slaves were people accused of crimes. Slavery was their punishment.

27. Life for most Mayas was hard.
They lived in small huts made of mud.
They left early in the morning for the fields.
It took hard work to keep the jungle from taking over their fields.
They grew corn, beans, and squash.
Mayan Markets were busy places where traders brought goods such as honey, cotton cloth, pearls, dried fish, and cocoa. These goods were carried on the backs of slaves to and from the market.
Barter system- trade

28. The Mayas believed in gods of sun, rain, and other elements of nature.
Mayan priests led religious ceremonies and spent many hours studying the stars.
One of their calendars had 365 days.
They counted using the idea of Zero.
They used picture writing.

29. Aztec The Aztecs built their empire in Middle or Central America.
The Aztecs built their capital where Mexico City is today.
Legend says they built it where they saw a sign from their gods.
They formed an empire.
An empire is a conquered land of many people and places governed by one ruler called an emperor.

30. Just as the Mayas learned many things from the Olmecs, the Aztecs learned many things from the Mayas.
They also learned many new ways from the people they conquered.
In the city’s main square there were palaces (homes for the emperor).
There were also warehouses piled high with tribute. Tribute was payment a ruler demands from people.
If people refused to pay tribute the emperor would send soldiers to make them pay.
In the center of the city were flat topped pyramids.
On top of the pyramids were stone temples built to honor the Aztec gods.
Past the pyramids was the Market where goods and ideas were shared.

31. To protect their empire the Aztecs had a large army.
In wartime, the Aztec leader (emperor) would beat a drum from the top of the war god’s temple to call the army.
In just 24 hours, 200,000 soldiers would be ready for battle.
Most soldiers wore special clothing to show their position.

32. Who loved and respected Nancy Ward?

33. What did Sequoyah’s symbols represent?

34. What did the Cherokee call letters sent to other tribesmen?

35. How many symbols were in Sequoyah’s alphabet?

36. The first white settlers the Cherokee people met were________________.

37. What 5 states did the Cherokee live in?

38. What was the name of the game played by the Cherokee men and boys?

39. How many homes did the Cherokee have?

40. What was the most important crop grown by the Cherokee?

41. Which tribe got its name for the large hills of dirt they built?

42. What was the greatest mound building civilization?

43. Who was known as the “Mother Civilization”?
Why?

44. What group of Mountains did the Cherokee live near?

45. Where did the Olmecs live?

46. Which Native American tribes lived in West Tennessee?

47. Which Native American tribes lived in Middle Tennessee?

48. Which Native American tribe lived in East Tennessee?

49. Along what River Valley were the Mound Builders found?

50. Along what River Valley were the Cherokee found?

51. What was the largest Native American group in Tennessee in the 1500s?

52. What is the name of a large group of related families?

53. The Native people who adopted ideas from the Mayans and went on to build a large empire were the _____________.

54. Mayan cities had their own rulers and government so they were called _________.

55. Where was the Aztec empire located?

56. What was the ruler of the Aztec empire called?

57. Where was the Mayan empire located?

58. A conquered land of many people and places governed by one ruler is called a(n) _____________.

59. A culture that has developed forms of government, religion, and learning is called a(n) ______________________.

60. The _______ built more than 100 stone cities in Middle America?

61. Who was at the top of the Mayan Social Classes. Next. Next
Who was at the top of the Mayan Social Classes? Next? Next? At the bottom?