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Introduction to Clinical Psychology: Science, Practice and Ethics Definition and Training
Assist. Prof. Merve Topcu Department of Psychology, Çankaya University , Fall
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Content APA division definition Basics of Clinical Psychology Training
History
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1. APA Division 12 Clinical Psychology
Definition “The field of Clinical Psychology integrates science, theory, and practice to understand, predict, and alleviate maladjustment, disability, and discomfort as well as to promote human adaptation, adjustment, and personal development. Clinical Psychology focuses on the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral aspects of human functioning across the life span, in varying cultures, and at all socioeconomic levels.” Türk Psikologlar Derneği – Klinik Psikoloji Birimi
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2. Basics of Clinical Psychology
Features of Clinical Psychology Emphasis on Science Determinism Empiricism Hypothetical constructs Maladjustment & mental disorders Individual & interpersonal-level Helping Respect for dignity Responsible caring Integrity in relationships Responsibility to society
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2. Basics of Clinical Psychology
Activities of Clinical Psychologists Administration Psychological assessment Treatment planning Consultation Diagnosis Psychotherapy Reporting Research Teaching Program development For various pops!
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2. Basics of Clinical Psychology
A day in the life of a Clinical Psychologist (Dr. Melinda Losee) Monday 8:00am - check messages, , return calls 9: psychotherapy client 10: psychotherapy client 11: case conference -review new cases 12: continuing education luncheon 1:00pm - intake new psychotherapy client 2: consult with psychiatrist re: inpatients 3: intake new psychotherapy client 4: supervision of Master’s level clinicians 5: paperwork EXAMPLE
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2. Basics of Clinical Psychology
A day in the life of a Clinical Psychologist (Dr. Melinda Losee) Tuesday 8:00 - exercise 9: check messages, return calls, prepare 10:00 - score/interpret psychological testing 11:00 - report writing 12:00 - lunch 1: psychotherapy client 2: psychological evaluation 3: psychological evaluation continued 4: psychotherapy client 5: paper work/return calls EXAMPLE
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2. Basics of Clinical Psychology
A day in the life of a Clinical Psychologist (Dr. Melinda Losee) Wednesday 8: check phone and , return calls 9: report writing 10:00 – psychotherapy client 11:00 – Policy Committee 12:00 – Wellness Committee/lunch 1: consultation with inpatient psychiatry 2: consultation continued 3: consultation continued 4: report-writing 5: paper work/return calls EXAMPLE
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2. Basics of Clinical Psychology
Distinguishing Clinical Psychology from Related Professions Psychiatry Clinical Social Work Counseling Psychology School Psychology Consultation
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3. Training in Clinical Psychology
Undergraduate preparation Graduate School Continuing Professional Education
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3. Training in Clinical Psychology
1. Undergraduate Preparation Education in Psychology Basic psychology courses Clinically-relevant must & elective courses Statistics and research methods Broad Liberal Arts Education “Hard” sciences Related social sciences
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3. Training in Clinical Psychology
2. Getting into Graduate School Grade Point Average (GPA) Exams Graduate Record Exams (GRA) Lisansüstü Eğitimi Giriş Sınavı (LES) TOEFL / IELTS Yabancı Dil Bilgisi Seviye Tespit Sınavı (YDS) Research experience Clinically-relevant experience Volunteer work Internship Letters of recommendation Interviews
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3. Training in Clinical Psychology
Graduate Training in Clinical Psychology Scientist-Practitioner Model Clinical-Scientist Model Criticisms of Scientist-Practitioner Model Alternative Model – Psy.D. Professional Schools
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3. Training in Clinical Psychology
Graduate Training in Clinical Psychology Scientist -Practitioner Model Training in research and practice Research orientation in their practice & a practice relevance in their research” Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) Boulder model Scholar -Practitioner model De-emphasis on research experience Emphasis on psychological service delivery Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) Vail model Clinical-Scientist Model Training in research, assessment & therapy methods Careers in clinical research Academy of Psychological Clinical Science
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3. Training in Clinical Psychology
Criticisms of Boulder Model Training is not integrated Faculty are poor role-models Most applicants interested in practice Few clinical psychologist do research Research training not necessary to be a good clinician
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Graduate Training in Clinical Psychology
Scholar Practitioner Scientist Practitioner Clinical Scientist Practice Science
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3. Training in Clinical Psychology
Post-Doctoral Training Licensure In USA, State Board of Psychological Examiners To protect the health, safety and welfare of the people of New Jersey. To regulate the practice of psychology. To ensure that licensed psychologists practice professionally and ethically. Research/Academic Career 1 to 3 years of post-doctoral training experience is common Grant-supported post-doctoral fellowships EuroPsy-The European qualification standard for psychologists
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4. History of Clinical Psychology
Ancient Roots Hippocrates (c ) The first one who emphasize biopsychosocial approach Mental disturbances by natural causes Melancholy Phrenitis (Menenjit) Mania Hysteria Greek Philosophers Socrates ( ) Plato ( ) Role of societal forces on mental disturbances Psychological needs in development of mental disturbances Aristotle ( ) Biological determinants of mental disorders
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4. History of Clinical Psychology
15th – 17th centuries 1500, mental disorders by natural forces, not by witchcraft or satanic possesions Aslyums Calming extreme behavior by bleeding with knives or leeches 1700s, scientific methods in human experience Humanity, influence of Renaissance Use of moral therapy Rapid increase in neurology, rapid recognition of mental conditions See that some conditions cannot be purely explained by biology 1800s-2000s, assessment-based developments
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4. History of Clinical Psychology
18th - 20th Centuries: Laying the Groundwork Application of scientific principles to understand ab/normal human behavior Wilhelm Wundt – the First psychology laboratory Mckeen Catell – Reaction time & intelligence Term «mental tests» Measurement of Individual Differences Emergence of Scientific Psychiatry Krapelin – the term «syndrome» & classification system Hysteria and Psychological Determinism Jean Martin Charcot ( ) Piere Janet ( ) Sigmund Freud ( )
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4. History of Clinical Psychology
Birth of the Discipline ( ) Rapid Growth of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt (1875) William James (1875) G. Stanley Hall (1883) James McKeen Cattell (1888) By Psychology laboratories at US Universities APA, establihed in 1892 The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test by Alfred Binet in 1916 The Section on Clinical Psychology in 1919
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4. History of Clinical Psychology
Childhood: WWI through WWII Army Alpha & Army Beta Tests Stanford-Binet – 1916 (revised in1937) Wechsler-Bellvue – 1939 Rorschach Inkblot Test – 1921 Thematic Apperception Test – 1938 MMPI
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4. History of Clinical Psychology
Childhood: WWI through WWII APA 1917 – AACP forms 1919 – AACP incorporated into APA as Section f Clinical Psychology 1921 – Ph.D. + published research 1926 – creates associate member status 1937 – AAAP formed 1939 – 618 member, 1909 associates 1942 – goals and membership qualifications change 1944 – AAAP votes itself out of existence, joins APA Adolescence: Post WWII Need for clinical psychologists Training moneys become available Shakow Report Boulder Conference
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4. History of Clinical Psychology
Scientist- Practitioner Model Training in University Departments of Psychology Trained as Scientist and Practitioners Internship – 1 year of full-time practice Trained in diagnosis, research and therapy Original research required Post-Boulder Training Growth NIMH, USPHS money available for doctoral training VA – money for internship training 1947 – 22 doctoral training programs in US 1949 – 42 doctoral training programs in US 1960 – 60 APA-accredited gradate training programs (55 NIMH funded)
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4. History of Clinical Psychology
Adulthood Training Miami Beach conference 1958 – Psy.D. proposed University of Illinois – 1968 – first Psy.D. program California Professional School of Psychology – 1969 Vail conference – 1974 – endorsement of Psy.D. as legit Salt Lake City, Utah – 1987 Greater diversity in training All graduate programs must be affiliated with regionally accredited university Not accepted by APA Clinical Scientist Training proposed by Richard McFall, 1991.
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4. History of Clinical Psychology
Adulthood Psychotherapy Client-Centered Therapy - Carl Rogers Behavior Therapy – Joseph Wolpe, Hans Eysenck, B.F. Skinner Cognitive-Behavior Therapy – Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck Last 50 years increasingly identified with clinical psychology Surveys – the most commonly engaged in activity by clinical psychologists Psychological Testing Clinical Utility Q ‘does having assessment data on a patient actualy provide information leading clinical outcome?’ Service evaluation Increasing pressure to demonstrate psychological service work
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4. History of Clinical Psychology
Adulthood Professional Practice Licensing vs. certification All states create licensing/certification laws Psychologists get third-party reimbursement Private practice grows Managed care Specialization Division 12 – Society of Clinical Psychology: Sections II – Clinical Geropsychology III – Society of a Science of Clinical Psychology IV – Clinical Psychology of Women V. Clinical Psychology of Ethnic minorities VI. – Emergencies and Crises VII. – Association of Medical Psychology Section 1 – Clinical Child Psychology became Division 53 Section 5 – Society of Pediatric Psychology became Division 54
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4. History of Clinical Psychology
Adulthood Training 1969 – 70 APA accredited programs 1979 – 100 1989 – 157 1999 – over 200 Membership 1999 – over 50% APA members identify themselves as clinical 1990’s 9 of 10 APA presidents clinical psychologists
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