1. MANAGEMENT OF SOYBEAN NUTRITION Crop, Soils and Water Management Group
Fernando Salvagiotti
Crop, Soils and Water Management Group
EEA Oliveros INTA
ARGENTINA
Tecnología Agropecuaria
Instituto Nacional de

2. POTENTIAL WATER LIMITED ACTUAL WATER AND NUTRIENT LIMITED FARMER YIELD
CO2
Radiation
Temperature
Genotype
POTENTIAL
Defining Factors
WATER LIMITED
Limiting Factors
Water
WATER AND NUTRIENT LIMITED
Limiting Factors
Nutrients
FARMER YIELD
ACTUAL
Reducing Factors
Weeds
Diseases
Insects
Pollutants
Yield Level
Adapted from Van Ittersum, 2013

3. POTENTIAL WATER LIMITED ACTUAL WATER AND NUTRIENT LIMITED Yield Level
CO2
Radiation
Temperature
Genotype
POTENTIAL
Defining Factors
WATER LIMITED
Limiting Factors
Water
WATER AND NUTRIENT LIMITED
Limiting Factors
Nutrients
NUTRITIONAL
+ WATER GAP
ACTUAL
Reducing Factors
Weeds
Diseases
Insects
Pollutants
Yield Level
Adapted from Van Ittersum, 2013

4. High Mobility nutrients
Directly related with yield potential in each field
Low Mobility nutrients
Directly related with soil nutrient levels above a threshold

5. Nutritional Gap in Soybean
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Micronutrients
Cations (Ca, Mg)

6. Sinclair & Horie, 1989

7. SOYBEAN Lentil Pea Mung Bean Cowpea Pigeon Pea Lima Bean Chickpea Hemp
Cotton
Flax
Peanut
Wheat
Rye
Sunflower
Canola
Pop Corn
Oat
Sesame
Sorghum
Maize
Barley
Safflower
Rice
Sinclair & de Witt, 1975

8. Nutrient
Internal
requirement HI
Nutrient needs
3000 kg ha-1 N
kg Mg-1 79
0.75
237 P 7 21 K 33
0.50 99 S 6 18 Ca 14
0.20 42 Mg 8
0.38 24 Cu
g Mg-1 22
0.53 66 Mn
130
0.33
390 Zn 52
0.70
156 B
0.31 Fe
260
0.25
780 Mo 4
0.85 12 Cl
205
0.47
615

9. Seed yield and N uptake in soybean
Maximum Dilution
53 kg N per Mg
80 kg N per Mg
Seed yield (kg ha-1)
Maximum Accumulation
156 kg N per Mg
N uptake (kg ha-1)
Salvagiotti et al, 2008

10. Rendimiento y N en soja
Salvagiotti et al, 2008

11. I II III R1 R5 R7 N accumulation rate (kg ha-1 day-1)
N uptake
BNF
Soil N
N in pods I II
III
N accumulation rate
(kg ha-1 day-1) R1 R5 R7
Days after emergence
Salvagiotti et al, 2009

12. Nitrogen fixation and Seed yield in soybean
50 kg N per Mg
Ciampitti and Salvagiotti et al, 2017 – In press

13. Nitrogen fixation and N uptake in soybean
Ciampitti and Salvagiotti et al, 2017 – In press

14. ATMOSPHERE SOIL Atmospheric N (N2) FERTILIZER HARVEST Biological
fixation
Crop
uptake
Organic N
Nitrates
(NO3-)
Inmovilization
SOIL
Mineralization

15. Nitrogen fixation and fertilizer N in soybean
350
N applied in nodulation zone
300 ) -1
250
200
Fixed N (kg ha
150
100 50
400
800
1200
1600 -1
Fertilizer N (kg ha )
Salvagiotti et al, 2008

16. Soybean history in the field – Response to N fertilization
Inoculation
Soybean history in the field – Response to N fertilization
No previous soybean
Soybean 3 previous year
Bodrero et al, 1985.

17. TRADE – OFF between fertilizer N and biological N2 fixation
 No constraints for normal growth
 Low soil pH
 Low efficient Rhizobium strains
 Low temperature
 Low fertility soils
 No soybean history
 Drought.
4.5 Mg ha-1
Salvagiotti et al, 2008

18. Biological N fixation as affected by soil and crop variables
Collino et al, 2015

19. Nutritional Gap in Soybean
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Micronutrients
Cations (Ca, Mg)

20. Nutrient
Internal
requirement HI
Nutrient needs
3000 kg ha-1 N
kg Mg-1 79
0.75
237 P 7 21 K 33
0.50 99 S 6 18 Ca 14
0.20 42 Mg 8
0.38 24 Cu
g Mg-1 22
0.53 66 Mn
130
0.33
390 Zn 52
0.70
156 B
0.31 Fe
260
0.25
780 Mo 4
0.85 12 Cl
205
0.47
615

21. 6.6 kg P por Mg Máxima Dilución 3.8 kg P por Mg Máxima Acumulación
Yang et al, 2017, Plos One
Máxima Acumulación
10 kg P por Mg

22. Gutierrez Boem & Salvagiotti, 2013
Seed yield response (kg ha-1)
P fertilizer rate (kg ha-1)
Seed yield response (kg ha-1)
P fertilizer rate (kg ha-1)
Gutierrez Boem & Salvagiotti, 2013

23. Adapted from Vivas et al, 2008
P Bray content after 2 cycles in a Wheat/Soybean-Maize Soybean Rotation
Adapted from Vivas et al, 2008
80 kg P fert
160 kg P fert
Sin fertilización
20 kg de P en Gramíneas
40 kg de P en Gramíneas No
Fertilization
20 kg P in Cereals
40 kg P in Cereals

24. Nutritional Gap in Soybean
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Micronutrients
Cations (Ca, Mg)

25. Nutrient
Internal
requirement HI
Nutrient needs
3000 kg ha-1 N
kg Mg-1 79
0.75
237 P 7 21 K 33
0.50 99 S 6 18 Ca 14
0.20 42 Mg 8
0.38 24 Cu
g Mg-1 22
0.53 66 Mn
130
0.33
390 Zn 52
0.70
156 B
0.31 Fe
260
0.25
780 Mo 4
0.85 12 Cl
205
0.47
615

26. 36 kg P por Mg Maximum Dilution 23 kg K per Mg Maximum Accumulation
Yang et al, 2017, Plos One
Maximum Accumulation
48 kg K per Mg

27. Nutritional Gap in Soybean
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Micronutrients
Cations (Ca, Mg)

28. Nutrient
Internal
requirement HI
Nutrient needs
3000 kg ha-1 N
kg Mg-1 79
0.75
237 P 7 21 K 33
0.50 99 S 6 18 Ca 14
0.20 42 Mg 8
0.38 24 Cu
g Mg-1 22
0.53 66 Mn
130
0.33
390 Zn 52
0.70
156 B
0.31 Fe
260
0.25
780 Mo 4
0.85 12 Cl
205
0.47
615

29. Responsive (R) and non responsive to S fertilization (N) sites as arranged by multivariate analysis including soil variables (Vilche et al, 2002)
Soil organic matter (%)
Agriculture history
Structural stability

30. Balanced nutrition
Satisfy nutrient demand for achieving target seed yield
Avoid over-fertilization of one nutrient as compared with other nutrient
LOW NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY – NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

31. For the nutrients described:
NPK : 9.5:1:4.5
NPKS: 19:2:9:1

32. Nutritional Gap in Soybean
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Micronutrients
Cations (Ca, Mg)

33. Nutrient
Internal
requirement HI
Nutrient needs
3000 kg ha-1 N
kg Mg-1 79
0.75
237 P 7 21 K 33
0.50 99 S 6 18 Ca 14
0.20 42 Mg 8
0.38 24 Cu
g Mg-1 22
0.53 66 Mn
130
0.33
390 Zn 52
0.70
156 B
0.31 Fe
260
0.25
780 Mo 4
0.85 12 Cl
205
0.47
615

34. Seed yield Co-Mo + (kg ha-1)
Response to addition of Co-Mo in soybean
Seed yield Control (kg ha-1)
Seed yield Co-Mo + (kg ha-1)

35. Response to addition of Zn in soybean
Seed yield Control (kg ha-1)
Seed yield Zn + (kg ha-1)

36. Seed yield Control (kg ha-1)
Response to addition of B in soybean
Seed yield B + (kg ha-1)
Seed yield Control (kg ha-1)

37. Final Comments

38. Plant – Rhizobia relationship
MICROBIOLOGY
Plant – Rhizobia relationship
SOIL
FERTILITY
NUTRITIONAL GAP
IN SOYBEAN
CROP ECO-PHISIOLOGY

39. Nutritional Gap Soil fertility of each field
Yield potential as determined by crop management
Nutrient supply by symbionts microorganisms

40. Environmental conditions that determine potential yield in a particular field put a ceiling in the nutritional gap
Soil fertility and the effectiveness of the Rhizobia-Plant interaction will determine the low level of the nutritional gap

41. Seed yield – Nutrient uptake relationships are generally non-linear, then internal nutrient requirements (kg of nutrient per kg of seed) will progressively decrease

42. Different magnitude of response depending on soil nutrients
Identify which nutrient is actually deficient in each field (calibrated soil or foliar analysis)
Different magnitude of response depending on soil nutrients
Fertilizer strategy should take into account the mobility of nutrient in the soil

43. Nitrogen supply from Biological N Fixation is central for crop production and the better the environmental conditions, the larger the contribution of this source

44. Optimize BNF Process Inoculation with high effective strains
High quality inoculants (Bacteria number, preservation)
Crop management directed to optimize crop will increase N derived from BNF

45. Actions for reducing the nutritional gap
Chemical fertilizers
Organic Amendments
Cover crops
Inoculation with symbionts microorganisms
Liming (in soils with ph below 5!!)

46. Basic knowledge for managing the nutritional gap
Dynamics of nutrients in soils
Nutrient requirements of crops
Nutrient use efficiency
The relative importance of each nutrient in generating seed yield
Crop-symbiont relationship

47. Thank you!! Fernando Salvagiotti salvagiotti.fernando@inta.gob.ar