1. Kinetic Molecular Theory & Heat and States of Matter
Chapter 15
Kinetic Molecular Theory
&
Heat and States of Matter

2. Some Amazing Things

3. Kinetic Theory

4. Kinetic Theory
All matter is composed of tiny particles.

5. Kinetic Theory
All matter is composed of tiny particles
Atoms

6. Kinetic Theory All matter is composed of tiny particles Atoms
Molecules

7. Kinetic Theory All matter is composed of tiny particles Atoms
Molecules
Ions

8. Kinetic Theory These tiny particles are in constant motion. Liquid Gas
Solid

9. Kinetic Theory
Collisions between moving particles are perfectly elastic.
In an elastic collision there is no net change in kinetic energy.

10. Pressure Pressure depends on two factors Force Area Pressure = Force

11. Examples of Pressure

12. Examples of Pressure

13. Examples of Pressure
The origin and age of snowshoes are not precisely known, although historians believe they were invented from 4,000 to 6,000 years ago.

14. Examples of Pressure
It is illegal to wear high heels at many archaeological locations. Pointy heels can damage these ancient sites.
Experts have determined that high heels can transmit more pressure per square inch than an elephant walking on the same surface.

15. Gas Pressure

16. Temperature
How hot or cold
Average kinetic energy

17. How do we lower temperature?
We slow down the particles.

18. Absolute Zero
K = °C + 273
°C = K - 273

19. Kinetic Energy
KE = ½ mv2
When considering kinetic energy we must consider two factors.
Mass
Velocity

20. New Discipline System

21. “Old Fashioned Discipline”

22. New Discipline System “Old Fashioned Discipline”

23. I’m Here for Class Mr. Stillwell.

24. Where’s Mr. Stillwell?

25. Do Not Touch
HCN
H2S

26. Stink
Die Or

27. Stink
And Die

28. Do Not Touch
HCN
H2S

29. Do Not Touch
H2S
34 amu
HCN
27 amu

30. Heat & States of Matter

32. At room temperature most elements are solids.
The gases are hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine and the noble gases.
There are two liquids: bromine and mercury.

34. The state of matter is determined by two factors.

35. 1. Attractive forces between the particles of the material.
Liquid
Gas
Solid

36. 2. Temperature (Average Kinetic Energy)

37. At room temperature which factor determines the state of an element?

38. Transitions between the states of matter
We can change the state of matter that a substance exhibits by adding/removing heat.

39. Heat
Heat is thermal energy that flows from something warmer to something cooler.

40. Transitions between the states of matter

41. How many states of matter exist?5

42. Plasma: The fourth state of matter

43. Transitions between the states of matter
If we heat a gas to a high enough temperature it becomes a plasma.

44. Plasma A plasma is a super heated ionized gas.
Normally requires extremely high temperatures to form.
It consists of electrons and positively charged gas particles.

45. Plasma Plasmas are the most common state of matter in the universe.
It is estimated that 99% of the visible universe is plasma.

46. Plasma
Plasmas do not occur as frequently on earth.

47. “Cold” Plasmas

48. “Cold” Plasmas
Plasmas can exist at much lower temperatures than normal in a vacuum.

49. The Fifth State of Matter
Bose – Einstein Condensate (BEC)

50. Bose – Einstein Condensate
In the 1920s, Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein, predicted this new state of matter. However they didn't have the equipment and facilities to make it.

51. Bose – Einstein Condensate
In 1995, three scientists, Karl Weiman, Wolfgang Ketterle and Eric Cornell finally created this new state of matter.
They were awarded the Nobel Prize in 2001.

52. Bose – Einstein Condensate
If plasmas are super hot and super excited atoms, the atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) are total opposites. They are super-unexcited and super-cold atoms.

53. The Fifth State of Matter
The BEC happens at super low temperatures.
At zero Kelvin all molecular motion stops.
At only a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero, you can create a BEC with a few special elements.
Cornell and Weiman did it with Rubidium.

54. Time for a Chemistry Joke

57. Bose – Einstein Condensate
As temperatures get to within a few billionths of a degree of absolute zero atoms begin to “clump”.
The result of this clumping is the BEC.
A group of atoms becomes one "super atom."
There are no longer thousands of separate atoms. They all become indistinguishable from one another and become one “super atom”.

58. What does a Bose Einstein Condensate Look Like?
It looks like a dense little lump in the bottom of the magnetic trap/bowl.
Picture a drop of water condensing out of damp air.
When it first forms, though, the condensate is still surrounded by the normal gas atoms, so it looks a bit like a pit inside a cherry.

59. Bose-Einstein Condensation at 400, 200, and 50 nano-Kelvins
When matter gets cold enough a dense blob forms in the center.
You can see this in the pictures of Cornell and Wieman’s actual data as they cool the atoms from 400 billionths of a degree above absolute zero down to 50 billionths.
Bose-Einstein Condensation at 400, 200, and 50 nano-Kelvins

60. Homework
Worksheet #34 “Temperature and Particle Motion” (due tomorrow).
Worksheet Chapter 15 (due in 2 days).
Test Chapters 12 – 14 Wednesday.