1. Morphology Mrs. Veena Dixit 19/10/04
(First example in brackets is from English and the second is from Hindi_iitk-format. Wherever the example is given from any other language, it is indicated by ‘_language’. The specific characters in a string are underlined wherever it is necessary. This holds true throughout my presentations / lectures.)

2. Paradigmatic VS. Syntagmatic
Saussure’s Diactomy
Paradigmatic VS. Syntagmatic
Paradigmatic relations determine (optimally) correct one out of possible alternatives.
(Ram / Ram’s……in *Ram / Ram’s hand)
(rAma / rAma ne / rAma ko……in rAma ne / *rAma ko pAnI piyA.)
Syntagmatic relations determine combination of units to create meaning. (Ram’s hand) (rAma ne pAnI piyA.)

3. Paradigm –(WordNet 2.0)
1. paradigm—It is a systematic arrangement of all the inflected forms of a word.
2. prototype, paradigm, epitome, image –It is a standard or typical example
3. substitution class, paradigm –It is the class of all items that can be substituted into the same position (or slot) in a grammatical sentence (are in paradigmatic relation with one another.
4. paradigm –It refers to the generally accepted perspective of a particular discipline at a given time
Order of a paradigm refers to the number and the behavior of members in the paradigm.

4. How to determine what signs belong within the paradigm?
*The ideological closure suggested by the signs in the message can be examined by judging how the message would differ if another were chosen from the relevant paradigm.
(Ram / Seeta drank water / milk.) / (rAma / sIwA ne pAnI / xUXa piyA / PekA. *pAnI ne rAma piyA)
*Any member of the paradigm serves as a model for others.
*Members (forms) can be derived progressively from a root by generalized rules.
( Ram, Ram’s… / rAma, rAma ke, rAma ke liye…)

5. A paradigm is a set of signs, and a syntagm is a new sign that has been constructed by combining the signs in the paradigm under the guidance of a code.
rAma / rAma ne / rAma ne pAnI /……..
A collection of syntagms formed from one paradigm can themselves in turn become a paradigm. This happens in languages. The alphabet is the paradigm from which the syntagms of words are formed. In turn, the set of words become the paradigm from which sentences are formed.

6. Paradigm Syntagmem Discrete elements. * Set of linear combination
of related units.
Opposites- It is distinction made * Contrasts- It is distinction
within paradigm made within syntagm.
(distinction refers to linguistically relevant physical difference)
It is a set of inflectional forms * It is thought of interlinked in
built on a single stem linear order in time-space
(rAma / rAma ne /rAma ko…) (rAma ne pAnI piyA.)
Relation in absentia * Relation in presentia
Heterogeneous * Homogeneous
Idea of class * Idea of function
Function of a unit is determined by its relation with others.
Fillers * Slots

7. Some Theories:
Theory of Optimality
(Alan Prince)
Natural Morphology
(Dressler)
Whole word Morphology
(Rajendra Singh)

8. THANK YOU.
MRS. VEENA DIXIT