1. MODULE 4 – Part 1: Mesoamerica + Canada’s First Nations
Welcome to the Americas…
1. Christopher Columbus arriving in American in 1492.

2. MODULE 4 – Mesoamerica + Canada’s First Nations
This Week’s Agenda:
MODULE 4 – Mesoamerica + Canada’s First Nations
• Recap last week + quiz
Mesoamerica
Library intro to citation styles + research
Canada’s First Nations
Assignment 2 – HAND OUT + Building/Team Assignment
Recap
“No house should ever be on a hill or on anything. It should be of the hill. Belonging to it. ” - Frank Lloyd Wright
( )

3. Recap – last week - Introduction to Structural Shapes
Who can draw the 6 structural shapes that we discussed last week?
the COLUMN
the BEAM
the TRUSS
the ARCH
the VAULT
the DOME
Students can write them on the board

4. Recap – last week - Prehistory & First Civilizations
What about human settlement and the advent of civilization?
Does anyone remember when we first left our birthplace in Africa?
Students can write them on the board

5. Recap – last week - Prehistory & First Civilizations
After which significant weather event did we make our move?
Students can write them on the board

6. Recap – last week - Prehistory & First Civilizations
Which two key factors led to the creation of civilizations?
Students can write them on the board
The domestication of animals and the development of agriculture.

7. Recap – last week - Prehistory & First Civilizations
Which 4 regions are the cradle of civilization in the old world?
Students can write them on the board
What do they all have in common?
RIVERS!

8. Recap – last week - Prehistory & First Civilizations
Can you tell me which region each of these images is from?
Students can write them on the board

9. QUIZ Open Slate and click on the QUIZ tab. Click on QUIZ #2.
You have 10 minutes to complete the quiz.
NO TALKING PLEASE
GOOD LUCK!

10. What are we going to learn about today?
Holly from the Library is going to teach us how to properly cite our sources using APA-style formatting.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
1. Identify type of source (web, journal, etc.) based on information in citation.
2. Create a full APA reference including in-text citation.
3. Access research and information services provided by Library and Learning Services.
Mesoamerican architecture.
The architecture of Canada’s First Nations
“Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. There it begins.”
- Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ( ) 

11. Mesoamerica: Ritual of Blood
Aztec God-Quezalcoatl

12. Mesoamerica
Students can write them on the board

14. Timeline
Students can write them on the board

15. Tulum
Students can write them on the board

16. Two classical Meso-American architectural forms: the pyramid and the ball-court
Temple-Pyramid I
Tikal, Guatemala

17. A bloody sacrifice of human heart is offered to the god Huitzoilophochtli
Temple Pyramid I,c Tikal, Guatemala

18. Ball Court c
Maya Site of Chichén Itzá, Yucatan, Mexico

19. Carved Stone Ring, Great Ball Court, Chichén Itzá, Mexico

20. Caracol Observatory, c. 9000 Chichen Itza

21. Teot

22. Originally supporting the roof of the Temple of Quetzalcoatl, Tula Mexico. C. 700
Warrior Columns with Butterfly Breastplates

24. Roof Comb, the Cresteria
Temple of the Sun, c.700
Palenque, Mexico

25. Turtle House,
c Uxmal, Yucatan
Mexico

26. Palace of the Governor c
Uxmal,Yucatan, Mexico

27. Pyramid of the Niches
El Tajin, c
Mexico

29. Machu Picchu, c.1500
Peru

30. Canada’s First Nations – Prehistoric Canadian Architecture
WHAT WE WILL BE LOOKING AT TODAY:
Timeline – who was here and when?
General overview of housing types by region
Types: in-depth
Plank house
Long house
Igloo
Wigwam
Tepee
Contemporary Connection
2. A house in the First Nations community of Pikangikum in northwestern Ontario

31. Timeline Prehistoric Era in Canada
Prior to European settlement in the 1500s:
Vikings/Norse around 1000 in Newfoundland “L’Anse aux Meadows”
New World Exploration
Jacques Cartier – 1534
Charlesbourg-Royal
Samuel de Champlain – 1608
Quebec City + Montreal
Prehistoric Era in Canada – more recent than elsewhere
Prior to European settlement in the 1500s
- Jacques Cartier Charlesbourg-Royal
- Samuel de Champlain Quebec City + Montreal
- Leif Ericson (Norway/Greenland) around Newfoundland,  L'Anse aux Meadows
Sod homes – walls made of sod and roofs wood and sod.
Occupied for approximately 3 years
15,000 years ago - land bridge between Asia & Alaska
AD: Anno Domini, the year of our Lord
Images:

32. Timeline Organized civilizations after the end of the last
glacial period in Canada = 18,000 years ago
First built structures discovered
Pit houses – found on the West Coast of BC
Ritual structures
REMINDER– Terra Amata
In France in 400,000 B.C.
prehistoric huts were constructed by hunter/gatherers
Last glacial period was 18, 000 years ago
Pit houses found in areas on the West coast in BC, but eventually they no longer were used
Perhaps the residents found better ways to live, used technology to make more sophisticated homes because as we will see, the west coast is well known for its intricate structures.
Image: A History of Architecture, Spiro Kostof
Image:

33. Overview of Types by Region
Thus our primary focus is aboriginal housing, which existed pretty well across the country in various shapes and forms.
The types vary on whether or not the people are nomadic or not.
So we will have a quick overview of the types by region.
Image:

34. Overview of Types by Region
Plank House – Northwest Coast
Faces water
Cedar construction
As mentioned on the West Coast, the Plank House was a primary structure for the people of that area.
They crafted tools that enabled them to take advantage of the local materials such as the large cedar trees.
The Plank houses for example, face the water because it is their giver of life, of resources.
Image:

35. Overview of Types by Region
Long House – Eastern Woodlands
Bent saplings form a barrel vault
Covered in bark
Palisade
Palisade protected the community from enemies, animals, wind, and snow
Built in large communities
Procession from the vestibule to entrance lobby, to store room and then into the house proper
images:

36. Overview of Types by Region
Igloo – Artic
Snow and clear ice for a window
Seasonal
F Y I – 1922 documentary Nanook of the North shows the making of an igloo
We’re all familiar with the igloo
Obviously a temporary structure
Makes me think of a geodesic dome – like in the work of Buckminster Fuller

37. Overview of Types by Region
Wigwam – Subarctic, Plains, Plateau
Sapling frame and bark covering
Coverings rolled up and transported
If we look closely at this section, we see an early example of radiant floor heating. Very nice!
Image:

38. Overview of Types by Region
Tepee – Subarctic, Plains, Plateau
Buffalo hides and poles
Easily transported
Images:

39. Overview of Types by Region
5 Major Forms
Plank house
Long house
Igloo
Wigwam
Tepee
Construction – types of local materials
Heating and Ventilation – innovative AND practical – common sense!
Society / Community
Ritual spaces – in addition to the housing that we saw, dance is very important
So there’s our quick overview of the 5 types of aboriginal homes in Canada.
With that, we can see that the forms are very different
It’s evident that the form depends highly on local materials – so for each type we’ll look further at their construction
As we saw in the wigwam, heating and ventilation is very important and each type demonstrates innovative strategies that we can learn a lot from, especially in an effort to use more earth-friendly means
Also, depending on the type, we can see that different types of communities use the different types of homes
And lastly, what we’ve shown is the domestic spaces, but as with any community there are ritual spaces, so we’ll have a look at the corresponding buildings outside of the home.

40. Contemporary Connection
Douglas Cardinal
Buildings inspired by organisms, human spirit, harmony, and connection to nature
Canada’s Museum of Civilization, in Hull Quebec

41. Contemporary Connection
Dan Hanganu
Pointe-à-Callière Museum
Archaeological site
Montreal
Image:

42. Assignment 2 – Toronto Tour
Let’s assign teams and buildings after reading through the assignment.
When is it due?

43. Recap Historically, there were two types of construction:
Historically, there were two types of construction:
frame + skin bricks/block
Residential
Small & Large Buildings
Urban Design

44. Recap Historically, there were two types of construction:
Historically, there were two types of construction:
frame + skin bricks/block
Residential
Small & Large Buildings
Urban Design

45. Recap Historically, there were two types of construction:
Historically, there were two types of construction:
frame + skin bricks/block
Residential
Small & Large Buildings
Urban Design

46. Recap Historically, there were two types of construction:
Historically, there were two types of construction:
frame + skin bricks/block
Residential
Small & Large Buildings
Urban Design

47. In-Class Activity
Let’s divide the class down the centre and start a debate about our PDF reading.
One side takes on the promotion of Greek Architecture
The other side takes on the promotion of Roman Architecture
Based on what you’ve read, let’s see which group can list the most points on the board pertaining to your architectural period.
GOOD LUCK!!

48. Sources 2.