1. Canada’s Changing Society
Unit Objective: Determine the Greatest Changemaker Who or What made the greatest change?

2. Chapter 5: Canada’s Industrial Age 1890-1905
Industrialization: a process in which machines replace manual labour as the dominant method of production
Before industrialization, everything was done by hand. During the industrialization, newly invented machines were being used in factories to produce more goods at lower cost. Before industrialization, one man would make an entire chair. After industrialization, men would work machines that made different parts of the chair.
How might this boost the economy? What cons can you see about this change?

3. Chapter 5: Canada’s Industrial Age 1890-1905
Farm life was changing! Farm life required very hard work and basic tools before industrialization After industrialization, new technologies were developed to assist farming, but not all families could afford them. Poorer families had to move into the cities to find work because they struggled financially. Smaller farms could not compete with larger ones that could afford the new machinery.

4. Chapter 5: Canada’s Industrial Age 1890-1905
Immigration = more people in the cities (before 1890’s immigrants moved to build farms- but after industrialization- not so much!) Aside from farmers moving into the cities, immigrants from the US and Europe began moving to Canada in order to find work in service, or manufacturing jobs in order to buy farm land or move back home with their savings. In some countries, minorities were treated badly, so they moved to Canada in hope for a new life with peace and security. Canada offered cheaper farmland, and wage paying jobs. 2 million immigrants came to Canada between 1891 and 1911

6. Chapter 5: Canada’s Industrial Age 1890-1905
New machinery was expensive and so you had to spend a lot of money in order to make a profit. It was easier for wealthier people to take advantage of the new technology and there was no requirement for how much employees had to be paid.People who worked in the factories and shops ( not the owners) had less pleasant lives. The average wage was 32$ a month when a typical family of 5 cost about 48$ a month.

7. Chapter 5: Canada’s Industrial Age 1890-1905
Transportation: Cars were available by the 1900’s but very few people could afford them There wasn’t enough housing close to factories Electric streetcars were adopted by Canada and replaced horse-drawn carriages Bicycles were also popular, as bicycle technology improved Bicycle craze broke out in Canada- especially with women! It even altered how women dressed. Cycling meant shorter skirts that wouldn’t get tangled in pedals or chains.

8. Can you see how long dresses might be a problem for these ladies?

9. Chapter 5: Canada’s Industrial Age 1890-1905
Children in the 1890’s-1900’s During the 1800’s, children were seen as young adults by the age of 13 By the end of the 1800’s, these attitudes were changing and people believed that childhood should be for education and play Laws were passed that prevented children from participated in activities that were thought to be part of the adult world Parliament passed legislation that allowed provinces to have separate courts for children up to the age of 16 (what we call Juvenile Court today). Public schools were mandatory in Ontario in 1871 but only wealthy families could afford to send their children to school for long periods of time
By 1911, 40% of Canadian children aged 5-9 and 50% aged were attending school

10. Chapter 5: Canada’s Industrial Age 1890-1905
Working in Factories: Men, women, and children worked in factories for long hours with low pay 1880’s- laws were passed to ensure safety conditions in the workplace Unfortunately, regulations were often ignored or violated by employers Women in the workplace: Domestic servants: someone who is paid to work in someone elses house to help with children and chores. Young women often worked as domestic servants. Women worked as telephone operators and secretaries once the technologies were developed. Women were paid less than men for the same jobs

11. What do you think of this quote by the manager of Bell?

12. Chapter 5: Canada’s Industrial Age 1890-1905
Unskilled workers: a worker who has not been trained in a particular skill or trade Children were the cheapest to hire
Electricity: Before 1880, power was run by coal, wood, and gas which were all expensive. Wood especially was becoming scarce. In the late 1800’s, hydroelectric stations were being built to power all of the industrial needs of cities, but it was expensive because there was no compettion Ontario Hydro was established to sell electricity to Ontario communities at the cost of production.
Average Salary: 1897

13. Chapter 5: Canada’s Industrial Age 1890-1905
Progressivism: a movement in favour of gradual, widespread change in society trade union: an association of workers that tries to improve working conditions in a particular occupation Trade Union Act: allowed men in the same industries to work together and support each other. The Trade Union Act allowed union workers to challenge their employers, but it did not allow unskilled workers (women and children) to join the union. Knights of Labor: Open to all workers regardless of their skills- they wanted to improve wages and working conditions. It also wanted laws to protect workers rights, and make major reforms to the economic system (including income tax and an 8 hour work day). They were one of the only unions to allow women membership. Trades and Labour Congress: A Canadian organization of trade unions banned the Knights of Labor and pushed for better working conditions; it did not however push for the kind of sweeping conditions that the Knights of Labor demanded.

14. Chapter 5: Canada’s Industrial Age 1890-1905
Boycott: a form of protest which people refuse to buy the goods or services of a business London (Ontario) Streetcar Strike: Streetcar employees walked off the job to demand higher wages and shorter hours. The employer refused to negotiate and locked them out. Londoners supported the workers and boycotted the streetcar, but it was unsuccessful. The workers were ultimately unsuccessful. Their jobs were replaced and Londoners began using streetcars again. -Many streetcar workers began fighting for better conditions, and the number of strikes across the country grew

15. Chapter 5: Canada’s Industrial Age 1890-1905
By the 1890’s, the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union had been fighting for women’s right to vote for almost a decade, and it was still another 20 years before the rights were granted in Ontario. In some provinces, it took even longer.

16. Day/Month/Year
Jurisdiction
24/05/1918
National
“Women who are British subjects, 21 years of age, and otherwise meet the qualifications entitling a man to vote, are entitled to vote in a Dominion election.”
28/01/1916
Manitoba
14/05/1916
Saskatchewan
19/04/1916
Alberta
5/04/1917
British Columbia
12/04/1917
Ontario
26/04/1918
Nova Scotia
17/04/1919
New Brunswick
20/05/1919
Yukon
3/05/1922
Prince Edward Island
Day/Month/Year
Jurisdiction
03/04/1925
Newfoundland and Labrador
25/04/1940
Québec
15/06/1948
End of Asian exclusions
12/06/1951
Inuit
31/03/1960
First Nations

17. Chapter 5: Canada’s Industrial Age 1890-1905
Children’s Rights: John Joseph Kelso: believed that children should be protected. He believed that children on the streets would turn to a life of crime Created the Toronto Children’s Aid Society. It’s motto was “it is less expensive to save children than to punish criminals” founded the Toronto Fresh Air Fund to raise money to send children from cities to rural areas for a break from the heat and filth of a city Children’s Charter Protection Act: passed in 1893 to protect children from abandonment, mistreatment, and neglect He was also appointed Superintendent of Dependent and Neglected Children and in this role he established 56 children’s aid societies in communities throughout Ontario