1. Chapter 10 – Multicellular Organisms
10-1 – How they meet needs
10-2 – Plants are producers
10-3 – Animals are consumers
10-4 – Fungi are decomposers

2. Chapter 10-1 – Meeting needs
Multicellular organisms have cells that are specialized.
In single-celled organisms, all functions are performed by each cell.
Multicellular Organisms life functions (getting energy/raw materials, waste removal, responding to changes in environ, reproducing) - done by specialized cells.

3. 10-1 Levels of Organization
Specialized organization starts with the Cells (ex. Skin, nerve, muscle are different)
Cells of same type = Tissue
Different tissues working together to perform the same function = Organ
Organs have different functions
Organ systems have multiple organs working together to perform the same function & help the organism survive

4. 10-1 MO’s have varied adaptations
Adaptation– any inherited characteristic (shape, structure, behavior, etc) that increases an organism’s ability to survive & reproduce offspring that reproduce.

5. 10-1 Sexual Reproduction & Diversity
Most MO’s reproduce sexually (2 parents needed; offspring’s DNA not identical to parents)
Sexual Reproduction:
Meiosis = cell division that produces male sperm and female egg cells which contain one copy of DNA instead of 2.
Fertilization = sperm and egg cell unite & new cell has 2 sets of DNA male/female

6. 10-1 Sexual Reproduction cont.
Some multi-celled organisms do not reproduce sexually. Ex: “budding” in plants
Differences in genetic material and in the environment produce differences in offspring.
How well something grows depends on both genetics and environment.

7. 10-2
Plants
Are
Producers

8. 10-2 Plants Are Producers Plants capture energy from the sun.
Energy from the sun cannot drive cell processes directly.
Light energy must be changed into chemical energy (Photosynthesis).
Chemical energy is the form of energy that all organisms need to carry out life.

9. 10-2 Producing Sugars
Photosynthesis = process by which sunlight energy is transformed into chemical energy
Raw Materials: Water and CO2 are used in the production of sugars
By-Products of Photosynthesis = O2 (oxygen) + sugar and/or starch
Most photosynthesis takes place in the leaves; (autotroph=self feeder)
Roots, Stems, Leaves, etc.=organ sys.

10. 10-2 Storing & Releasing Energy
Plants are MO’s and can store energy, where simple 1-celled organisms cannot.
Plants store excess sugars as starches & use them for growth.
Starches can store chemical energy
Cellular respiration is the process by which a cell uses O2 to break down sugars & release energy

11. 10-2 – Plants are adapted
Plants are adapted to different environments. (Different leaves, stems, roots, etc)
Coniferous = cone bearing (ex.pine)
Deciduous = trees that lose leaves in different seasons (oak, maple)
Other adaptations: how quickly they flower & seed themselves

12. 10-2 Respond to Environ.
Stimulus = something that produces a response from an organism
Examples: gravity=roots grow down; sunlight = leaves turn towards it; flowers open/close
Touch = plant touches another object and the plant’s tendrils wrap around that object.

13. 10-2 Respond to Environ.
Hormone = a chemical substance produced in one part of organism that travels to another part of the organism where it produces a reaction or response.
Auxin = a hormone that stimulates cell growth in the tip of a plants stem (or root). Auxins on the dark side of a plant contain more auxins (which avoid light) than cells on the lighted side of a plant.

14. 10-2 Seasonal Changes
Shorter period of sunlight (fall/winter) affect photosynthesis time.
Seasonal changes trigger plant “dormancy” when plants stop growing to conserve energy
Plants also may change leaf colors & drop leaves due to seasons.
Seasons also affect seed production

15. 10-3
Animals
Are
Consumers

16. 10-3 Food = Energy
Consumer = an organism that needs to get energy from another organism.
Animals are heterotrophs (organisms that feed on or consume other organisms).

17. 10-3 What Animals Eat
Herbivores = organisms that feed on plants or algae.
Examples: Cows, ducks
Carnivores = feed on other animals
Example: Lions, wolves
Omnivores = feed on both plants and animals.
Bears, Mice

18. 10-3 Animal Interactions
Animal bodies have many adaptations (systems) that allow it to process food (digestive, respiratory, circulatory).
Other systems allow interaction w/environment (muscular, skeletal, nervous, etc.)
Behavior = an observable response to a stimulus (light, sound, odor, temperature.sight, etc)

19. 10-3 Three Behavior Categories
Individual Behaviors
Ex: Often involve meeting basic needs (food, water, shelter, sleep, grooming)
Animal to animal of same species or “social behaviors”
Ex: Parent to offspring; attracting mates;
group hunting (wolves); bees in hive
Animal to animal of different species
Ex: Predator-Prey behaviors; or mutualism (tickbirds removing ticks from impala)

21. 10-3 Animals Seasonal responses
Animals respond to seasonal changes in their environment (drought, heat, cold)
Migration – the movement of animals to a different region in response to an environmental change. (Ex: birds, butterflies, wildebeast, elephants, etc.)
Hibernation – a sleeplike state that lasts for an extended time period. (Ex. Frogs, turtles, fish, bears, etc.)

22. 10-4 Fungi
Fungi
Are
Decomposers

23. Fungi Absorb Materials
Most fungi are decomposers that break down complex carbon compounds and use them for energy and raw materials.
They absorb nutrients and leave behind simpler compounds
Fungi are heterotrophs

24. Characteristics of Fungi
All fungi are multi-cellular except Yeast = unicellular fungi;
Organization: Cells have nucleus, thick cell walls
Do not have: specialized tissues or organs.
Do have: reproductive body & hyphae (thread-like structures, one cell thick).
Mycelium = a mass of hyphae

25. Reproduction of Fungi
Fungi reproduce with spores which can be produced either asexually or sexually.
A spore is a single reproductive cell that is capable of growing a new organism.
Spores are air-borne, spread by wind, and can survive many years.
Fungi can also reproduce asexually by breaking off hyphae & regrowing a new fungi; they can also “bud” (yeast)

26. What are Fungi? 3 types
Mushrooms – The outer part of a mushroom is only part of the fungus. The mushroom’s hyphae/mycellum is underground
Molds – Spore producing part of another type of fungus.
Yeasts = Single celled fungi; need moisture, heat

27. Fungi: Helpful Or Harmful?
Penicillin is an antibiotic that helps treat disease and make cheese (Brie, Camembert, and blue cheeses). Penicillin keeps bacteria from forming new cell walls during reproduction so bacteria cells break open and die.
Aspergillis fungus used to make soy sauce.
Trichoderma is used in making stone-washed jeans.
Lichen = fungi that live together with a single-celled algae forming a sort of “sandwich” around the algae.

28. 10-4 Harmful Fungus
Many molds cause disease. (Athlete’s foot; Dutch Elm Disease; Powdery Mildew)
1845 Irish potato famine was caused by a potato fungus which produced toxins, disease & famine which killed 4 million people.