1. 1967 Presidents Commission- 50th Anniversary – Has Higher Education Met its Obligation?
Ray Bynum, Debbie Ferguson, Frederick Lawrence,
David May, Lorraine Priest, Raymond Delaney

2. Criminal Justice Curriculum
How can criminal justice curriculum be improved to better address cultural conflict?

3. Purpose of Education
During the early 20th century, higher education was faced with a crisis. A series of conferences were held to resolve one central question.
Is the purpose of education to benefit the individual or society?
Not listed in References, not correct formatting for reference should it be (American Education Association, 1928)?
(1928 Conference on Higher Education, American Education Association)

4. 1965 Law Enforcement Assistance Act
Creation of evaluation and planning commissions, and community relations programs for police departments.
Courses in police science in colleges and universities, comprehensive education in corrections.
Establishment of state police education standards.
Training in riot prevention and control.
Specific education programs at colleges and universities for the improvement of officers and supervisors.

5. 1967 President’s Commission
Education reduces prejudice toward minority groups.
Police personnel with two to four years of college should:
Have a better appreciation of people with different racial, economic and cultural backgrounds.
Have the innate ability to acquire such understanding.
Demonstrate less bias, prejudice and use of excessive force.
A significant positive long term effect on community relations was predicted.

6. Riots and Other Incidents
Attica
New Mexico - 980
Atlanta
Lucasville, Ohio
Abu Grahib, Iraq
National Democratic Convention
Ferguson
Baltimore

7. In Response to Prison Riots in 1980’s
Michigan DOC requires 15 college credits as a condition of employment probation.
College credits must include a minimum of:
Two classes in corrections;
Two classes in counseling/human behavior; and
One class in legal issues.
Ambroyer (1991)

8. Conflicted Role
College and university criminal justice curricula are in conflict with the criminal justice system.
Criminal justice curriculum was designed as a social science, not to resolve issues in the streets.
Need to create a educational program which raises awareness and enhanced critical thinking.
Not listed in references
(Bueger, 2004)

9. College Education - Law Enforcement
Fewer complaints about excessive use of force, disciplinary actions and other infractions (Wymer, 1996).
Increased flexibility in dealing with difficult situations, result in better interaction with diverse cultures, and better verbal and written communication skills (Varricchio, 1999)
Greater flexibility in accepting and implementing change (Wymer, 1996; Varricchio, 1999; Totzke, 2002).
Education is seen as a means of improving the officer and criminal justice organization (Seiter, 2013).
College degree does reduce the level of bias and prejudice in both law enforcement and corrections (Telep, 2011)

10. Justice
The intent of the Commission was to change the system, not to necessarily control crime, but to create justice.
The intent of having academia help create this change never really materialized, but research did increase.
This effort has resulted in:
Better leadership and professionalism in criminal justice.
Three major concepts of professionalism in criminal justice
Technically competent people.
People committed to the right values,
People who feel authorized to imagine and act.
(Moore, 1997)

11. 25th Anniversary Of the 1967 Commission
Walker (1994)and others looked at the report for the 25th Anniversary. He noted:
“The growth of knowledge about policing…(resulted in)an intellectual revolution”
“Change in policing itself…has been uneven”
“In some areas, it has been enormous... in others not as much”
“they assumed the agenda of professionalism would take care of all problems…professionalism, per se, did not necessarily take care of police- community relations”
Walker, 1994 not listed in References

12. I would recommend each graph being on a separate slide It is not clear where this information came from

15. College Education - Organizations
New information on improving the existing culture is neutralized by the Basic academy and FTO / CTO (Wimhurst & Ransley, 2007)
The existing culture is protective of itself, even if it is dysfunctional (Wimhurst & Ransley, 2007)
Information in criminal justice improves the individual, but not the organization. (from the current study)

16. Wimhurst, K. & Ransley, J. (2007)
College (personal benefit)
Academy
New Information
New Information
Field Training
OUTER
I’m having trouble understanding this slide. Should the title be Organizational Culture and the reference be Wimhurst & Ransley, 2007). How does bottom half of slide relate to top half
INNER
In Service Training -
College Education
ORGANIZATIONAL
CULTURE
(created by authors)

17. Race and Ethnic Relations in Corrections Curriculum
Corley, Nalla, & Hoffman (2005) noted “while corrections staff thought race  and ethnic relations should be a focus of graduate corrections curriculum” (p. 388)
Less than three fourths of introductory texts address this issue.
Texts that do address, include only
one chapter on the topic.
Corley, Nalla & Hoffman (2005) not listed in References

18. College Cultural Conflict Courses
The 1967 President’s Commission felt a college degree would solve the cultural conflict in criminal justice. In the Minnesota study, police chiefs were concerned about the skills the officers developed. Michigan DOC requires college courses as a condition of employment. None emphasized the need for courses on cultural conflict.
A study was conducted with 926 college criminal justice professors (members of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences) on the philosophy of punishment and cultural conflict courses. Seven professors completed the survey. A few commented:
“One course on cultural diversity is not enough to change an organization”
“While courses on cultural diversity are provided to current and future officers, it is not provided to the community”

19. Review of 30 US Criminal Justice Programs (2016)
Purpose – to determine the quantity of cultural diversity, conflict, ethics, & decision making courses being provided.
Most programs offer at least one or two courses covering issues of cultural diversity, ethics, and decision making.
Eastern Kentucky has developed an entire degree program focused on Social Justice.
Some programs take an integrative approach by having one identified course; but diversity content is addressed across the curriculum to further facilitate cultural diversity.
One or two courses are insufficient to adequately address cultural diversity.
Progress in being made, but more remains to be done.

20. References
Amboyer, D. (1991). Entry level correctional officer perceptions of academy training, higher education curricula of the correctional officer academic program, and frequency of job task performance (Michigan). Doctoral Dissertation Abstract.
Bynum, R (2007) Staff Education and Transformational Leadership in Criminal Justice Doctoral Dissertation. Northern Arizona University.
Conley, J. et al. (1994) The 1967 President’s Commission report: Its impact 25 years later. Anderson Publishing Co.
Moore, M. (1997). Looking backward to look forward: The 1967 Crime Commission report in retrospect. National Institute of Justice Journal.
Seiter, R. (2011) Corrections : An introduction. Boston. Pearson Education. p
Telep, C. (2011, Sept.) The impact of higher education on police officer attitudes toward abuse of authority. Journal of Criminal Justice Education. 22(3),
Totzke, M. (2002). The influence of education on the professionalization of policing. Capstone Project. University of Nebraska
Varricchio, D. (1999). Higher education in law enforcement and perceptions of career success. Doctoral Dissertation. Seton Hall University, College of Education and Human Services.
Wimhurst, K. & Ransley, J. (2007). Police education and the university sector: Contrasting models from the Australian experience. Journal of Criminal Justice Education. 18(1),
Wymer, C. (1996). A comparison of the relationships between level of education, job performance and beliefs on professionalism within the Virginia State Police. Doctoral Dissertation. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Winslow, R. (1968). Crime in a free society. Selections from the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. Berkley, CA: Dickenson Publishing Company.
Several references missing (American Education Association, 1928; Bueger, 2004; Walker, 1994; Corley, et al 2005). In addition, several references are listed that are not referred to in the presentation (Bynum, 2007; Conley, et al, 1994; & Winslow, 1968).