2. How many cells are there in your body?

3. 37.2 trillion cells*
*According to some estimations.
In the past, estimations have ranged between 5 billion to 200 million trillion cells

4. How big is a trillion?

5. 1,000,000,000,000

6. How long is a trillion seconds?

7. 31,546 years.

8. Made about 30,000 years ago.

9. How many different TYPES of cells are there in the human body?

10. ~200

11. Remember that cells make tissues.

12. 4 main tissue types:
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

13. Epithelial Tissue Functions: Characteristics:
Protection, secretion, absorption, filtration
Characteristics:
Avascular (no blood supply), fast to heal or repair, always includes basement membrane, found on every free body surface

14. Connective Tissue Functions: Characteristics:
Support, protection, mechanical integrity
Characteristics:
Few cells surrounded by lots of nonliving stuff, slow to heal or repair

15. Muscle Tissue Function: Characteristics: Movement
cells contract or shorten

16. Nervous Tissue Functions: Characteristics:
Sensing and transmitting information
Characteristics:
Cell body with lots of stuff sticking off of it

17. Naming Epithelial Cells
Epithelial cells are named based on two things:
How many layers
Shapes of cells

18. Classification of Epithelia
Number of cell layers
Simple—one layer
Stratified—more than one layer

19. Why are they called this?

20. Classification of Epithelia
Shape of cells
Squamous= flattened (pancakes)
Cuboidal = cube
Columnar =column

21. Types of Connective tissue!
Connective tissue is the most common type of tissue in the body!
Examples include:
Bone
Blood
Fat
Cartilage

23. The surface of your skin!

25. Colored scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of human skin
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Basale
Dermis

26. Process of Keratinization
Cells divide in Stratum Basale and push older cells up to surface.
Cells starve and die as pushed away from dermis.

27. How is this child's skin different from yours?

28. Defect in keritinization causes over shedding of cells
Netherton Syndrome
Defect in keritinization causes over shedding of cells

29. Skin Structure

31. Melanin Absorbs UV radiation which protects the deeper tissues
Tanning and dark skin color comes from melanocytes producing more melanin
NOT due to more melanocytes

34. Dermis

35. The dermis contains many different touch receptors
The dermis contains many different touch receptors. Different types of touch have different receptors.

36. The dermis contains Proteins make skin strong yet elastic
Blood vessels in dermis help skin control body temperature.
Elastic Man

37. Vessels in Dermis Provides blood supply/nutrients to all skin cells.
Control temperature by getting larger or smaller.

38. Burns

39. Burns
Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
Associated dangers
Dehydration
Electrolyte imbalance
Circulatory shock

40. Burn classification based upon what layer(s) of tissue have been damaged
1st- Epidermis
2nd- Dermis
3rd- Hypodermis

41. Burn symptoms First-degree burns Second-degree burns
Only epidermis is damaged
Skin is red and swollen
Second-degree burns
Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
Skin is red with blisters
Third-degree burns
Destroys entire skin layer
Burn is gray-white or black

42. Severity of Burns
Figure 4.11b

48. WARNING!
GRAPHIC CONTENT!

50. Caption: Tissue expanders
Caption: Tissue expanders. Inflated tissue expanders in the back of a 12-year-old boy with extensive scarring after third degree burns. Tissue expanders are used to stretch the skin prior to skin grafting. The expanders are surgically implanted under the skin and gradually inflated over several months, forcing the skin to stretch over a wider area. The spare skin is then cut out and grafted over another part of the body, in this case to cover scars caused by third degree burns. Severe burns cause permanent scars that can never be completely hidden. In children the scar tissue stretches and tears as the child grows, making continual medical attention necessary.

51. Skin Homeostatic Imbalances

52. Athlete’s foot - fungal infection

53. Boils and carbuncles - bacterial infection

55. Cold Sores – Caused by virus

56. Contact dermatitis Exposures cause allergic reaction

57. Psoriasis – Cause unknown/ Autoimmune
Psoriasis – Cause unknown/ Autoimmune? Triggered by trauma, infection, or stress

59. Acne is an active infection of the sebaceous glands.

60. Follicle becomes blocked which allows bacteria to proliferate
Follicle becomes blocked which allows bacteria to proliferate. Body responds to infection. Rarely happens with sweat glands.

61. Skin Cancer Cancer—abnormal cell mass Classified two ways
Benign
Does not spread (encapsulated)
Malignant
Metastasized (moves) to other parts of the body
Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer

62. Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Inherited genetic disorder in which the mechanisms which repair DNA after UV damage are deficient or absent.
Leads to EXTREME susceptibility to skin cancer.

63. Skin Cancer
Caused by UV radiation causing direct or indirect damage to DNA of the cells.

64. Skin Cancer Types Basal cell carcinoma Least malignant
Most common type
Arises from stratum basale

65. Skin Cancer Types
Figure 4.12a

66. Skin Cancer
Basal Cell Carcinoma – least malignant (99% survival), arises from cells in the stratum basale,
Malignant Melanoma- can be aggressive, arises from melanocytes

67. Skin Cancer Types Squamous cell carcinoma
Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed
Early removal allows a good chance of cure
Believed to be sun-induced
Arises from stratum spinosum

68. Skin Cancer Types

69. Skin Cancer Types Malignant melanoma Most deadly of skin cancers
Cancer of melanocytes
Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
Detection uses ABCD rule

70. Skin Cancer Types
Figure 4.12c

71. ABCD Rule A = Asymmetry B = Border irregularity C = Color D = Diameter
Two sides of pigmented mole do not match
B = Border irregularity
Borders of mole are not smooth
C = Color
Different colors in pigmented area
D = Diameter
Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter

72. ABCDE rule
A- Asymmetry
Halves don’t match

73. ABCDE rule
B- Border irregularity
Borders are not smooth

74. ABCDE rule
C- Color
Spot contains several colors

75. ABCDE rule
D- Diameter
Larger than a pencil eraser

77. WARNING!
GRAPHIC CONTENT!

79. Making Tissues https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mHFKynA_gc

80. How do we get from one cell to trillions?
1:15 – 4:30

81. Tissue Types hand out
Tissue types graphic organizer
Tissue Art project

82. Tissue Gallery Pick a tissue type Pick an Art style
Create a poster that has:
A title
A printed picture of your tissue type
An artistic representation of that tissue type in the art style of your choice
Description of the tissue
Function of the tissue
Locations of the tissue
A description of what about the tissue inspired your piece.
Mount artwork and photo with information on colored paper.
Art will be displayed and judged in 3 categories: "Most Creative" "True To Tissue" "True To Impressionism"

85. Epithelium Characteristics