1. Revolution and Nationalism Imperialism in South Asia & Africa
Objectives: Evaluate the causes and effectiveness of nineteenth and twentieth century nationalistic movements that challenged European domination in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

2. Imperialism – extension of a nation’s power over other lands
Causes
Industrial Revolution created demand for raw materials & markets
Nationalism – European nations built empires in quest for power
Prestige – “the sun never sets on the British Empire”
Feelings of cultural superiority – Social Darwinism & racism
Humanitarian – Rudyard Kipling’s the “White Man’s Burden”
Humanitarian- a person promoting human welfare and social reform
Missionaries tried to evangelize the “heathen masses”
Emigration – a chance to strike it rich; Cecil Rhodes in Africa

3. Types of control
Indirect rule – colonial power allowed local rulers to maintain status
Direct rule – officials from the mother country replace local elites
Protectorate – own government but protected by another government
Sphere of influence – imperialist power held exclusive rights in region

4. India Act of 1858 – direct rule through a viceroy (representative of monarch)
Sepoy Mutiny caused British government to take direct control
Benefits – order & stability; honest & efficient government; English
Costs – economic; degrading and disrespectful rule

5. Partition of Africa – effects were profound, lasting, & negative
Central Africa
David Livingstone – Scottish missionary, doctor, & explorer
Henry Stanley – journalist hired to find Livingstone

6. Colonial rule – 90% of Africa divided up by 1914
Southern Africa
Boers or Afrikaners – descendants of original Dutch settlers
Britain seized Cape Colony in early 1800s; Great Trek, 1830s
Conflict between Boers, Zulus, & British = Zulu & Boer Wars
Colonial rule – 90% of Africa divided up by 1914
Berlin Conference, , met to partition the “prize“
Only Liberia & Ethiopia remained independent
Institutionalized discrimination – apartheid