1. Smart Dust

2. Contents What is Smart Dust ? How its work ? History of smart dust.
Smart Dust Mote
Introduction
Architecture
Smart Dust Components
Measurement , characteristic, & working of smart dust
Communication with Smart Dust
Application
Challenges
Conclusion

3. Introduction
Smart dust is a tiny dust size device with extra-ordinary capabilities.
Smart dust combines sensing, computing, wireless communication
capabilities.
Have power supply within volume of only few millimeters and that too
at low cost.
These devices are proposed to be so small and light in weight that they
can remain suspended in the environment like an ordinary dust particle.

4. What is Smart Dust ?
"Smart dust" devices are tiny wireless micro electro
mechanical sensors (MEMS) that can detect everything
from light to vibrations.
Nodes in Smart Dust are called Motes.
These "motes" contain sensors, computing circuits,
bidirectional wireless communications technology and a
power supply integrated on a tiny dust size-device.

5. History of Smart Dust
Smart dust was invented in 2001 by Kristopher S. J. Pister, who is an electrical
engineering and computer science professor for the University of California
The DARPA (NASA) has been funding Smart Dust research heavily seeing
virtually limitless applications in the sphere of modern warfare.
In 2001
In 2008
Kristofer S. J. Pister

6. Mote & its operation Smart dust device is run by microcontroller.
It read the data coming
from sensors and stores in
SRAM.

7. Operation of mote
The microcontroller will use the corner cube retro reflector (ccr) or
laser to transmit sensor data or a message to a base station or another
mote.
This allows the user to change the behavior of the mote remotely.
The laser diode contains the onboard laser which sends signals to the
base station by blinking on and off.
The corner cube retro reflector, transmits information just by moving
a mirror and thus changing the reflection of a laser beam from the
base station.

8. Making of Smart Dust

9. Architecture A single Smart Dust mote has:
A semiconductor laser diode and MEMS beam
steering mirror for active optical transmission.
A MEMS corner cube retro-reflector for passive
optical transmission.
An optical receiver.
A signal processing and control circuitry.
A power source based on thick-film batteries and
solar cells.

10. Architecture

11. Smart dust component

12. Measurement of Smart Dust
These are made by “Hitachi”.
They measure only
“.15 × .15” mm each and have
GPS capabilities.
Sometimes called “smart
dust” as they can be sprayed
on us and absorbed or taken
in foods, drinks and even
injected.

13. Working of Smart Dust Primary constraint of smart dust is volume.
Most of the time mote if off with
only timers running.
Run by microcontroller.
Determines the task performed
by the mote.
Controls power.
When a timer expires, it powers
mote to carry out a job, then
powers off.

14. Smart Dust Device .

15. Characteristics of Smart Dust
Besides the functionality it has bi-directional radio, the microprocessor controller, and the battery.
It has 20 meter communication range
It has one week lifetime in continuous operation, 2 years with 1% duty cycling.
Current motes are about 5mm

16. * Computation Process Sensor Data and Communicate
Key Features of these electronic particles
* Power
- Survive for extended amount of time
* Computation
Process Sensor Data and Communicate
* Sensors
- To Interface to the environment
*Communication
- To glue the pieces of information

17. Power: Lithium Battery
- Big Problem
- Low capacity per unit of mass and volume
- Needs support by sleep mechanism and low power techniques
- Not really so much innovation after Volta!
Solar
Vibration
Acoustic noise
Thermal conversion
Nuclear Reaction
Fuel Cells

18. Computation Not Traditional Style Of programming
Computation: ATMEL91M404000
Micro Controller
-Core and variety of different functions
-Flash , SRAM , E2PROM
-GPIO , ADC , PWM ,Comparator
-Embedded serial Buses
-Ex: Microcontrollers Atmel , Microchip, Motorola Microprocessors Intel Strong-Arms ,Motorola
FPGA
Not Traditional Style Of programming
Hardware Descriptive Languages (VHDL, Verilog)
Faster, Low Power, Reconfigurable
Ex: Xilix, Atmel

19. Environmental Sensing
SENSOR
Motion Sensing
- Magnetometer
- Accelerometer
Environmental Sensing
(Weather Monitoring)
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Light
- Humidity

20. Communication Technologies
Radio Frequency Transmission
Optical transmission technique
a) Passive Laser based Communication
b) Active Laser based Communication
c) Fiber Optic Communication

21. Radio Frequency Transmission
Based on the generation, propagation and detection of electromagnetic waves with a frequency range from tens of kHz to hundreds of GHz.
Multiplexing techniques: time, frequency or code-division multiplexing.
Their use leads to modulation, band pass filtering, demodulation
circuitry, and additional circuitry, all of which needs to be considered, based on power consumption.

22. Problems with RF communication
Large size of antenna.
RF communication can only be achieved by using time,
frequency or code division.
TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA have their own complications.

23. Passive Laser Based communication
Downlink communication (BTS to dust)- the base station points a
modulated laser beam at a node . Dust uses a simple optical
receiver to decode the incoming message
Uplink communication (dust to BTS)- the base station points an un-
modulated laser beam at a node, which in turn modulates and
reflects back the beam to the BTS

24. Active Laser Based communication
Has a semiconductor laser, a collimating lens and a beam-steering
micro-mirror.
Uses an active-steered laser-diode based transmitter to send a
collimated laser beam to a base station .
Suitable for peer-to-peer comm.., provided there exist a line of sight
path between the motes.

25. Fiber Optic communication
Employs semiconductor laser,
fiber cable and diode receiver to
generate, transfer and detect the
optical signal.
Similar to passive optical
communication.
Relatively small size of the
optical transceiver is employed
with low-power operation.
CCR employed on each Dust
mote to modulate uplink data to
base station.

26. Applications Medical application Environment monitoring Indoor/Outdoor
Enter human bodies and check for
physiological problems.
Relay information about cancerous
cells.
Biomedical application – Artificial
Retina. .
Environment monitoring
Indoor/Outdoor
Environmental Monitoring.
Environmental protection
(identification and
monitoring of pollution).

27. Applications
Military application Monitoring activities in inaccessible areas, accompany soldiers and alert them to any poisons or dangerous biological substances in the air.
IT Sector
Accelerometer containing
Smart Dust
MEMS microphones in
portable devices
Monitor speed and
Volume of traffic to avoid
recurring traffic jams.

28. Major Challenges
It is difficult to fit all these devices in a small Smart Dust both size wise and Energy wise.
As the devices are so small, batteries present a massive addition of weight.

29. conclusion There are many ongoing researches on Smart Dust, the main
purpose of these researches is to make Smart Dust mote as small
as possible and to make it available at as low price as possible.
Soon we will see Smart Dust being used in varied application
from all spans of life.

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