1. Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania
CHAPTER 5

2. HUNTERS AND FARMERS IN THE AMERICAS
BERINGIA-land bridge from Asia to the Americas
ARRIVED ABOUT 20,000 YEARS AGO
MIGRATED OR CAME BY BOAT
HUNTERS
FISHED, GATHERED PLANTS AND FRUITS
ADAPTED TO ENVIRONMENT

4. FARMING PRESENT DAY CENTRAL MEXICO MAIZE-corn PERMANENT VILLAGES
TEHUACAN VALLEY (MEXICO CITY)
RELIABLE AND EXPANDING FOOD SUPPLY
POPULATION GROWTH
COMPLEX AND SOPHISTAICATED SOCIETIES

5. MAIZE
TEHUACAN VALLEY

6. MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS
OLMEC
LARGE WAVE OF HUMANS TRAVELED FROM SIBERIA TO ALASKA AROUND 13,000 B.C.E.
BY 9500 B.C.E. HUMANS REACHED THE SOUTHERNMOST PART OF SOUTH AMERICA.
AROUND 1200BC, JUNGLES OF SOUTHERN MEXICO
“MOTHER CULTURE”
BEGAN THE RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS IN THE AREA
AGRICULTURAL VILLAGES APPEAR AFTER 3000 B.C.E
NO LARGE DOMESTICATED ANIMALS
NO WHEELED VEHICLES

9. CEREMONIAL CENTERS APPEAR BY THE END OF THE SECOND MILLENNIUM B.C.E.
POLYTHEISTIC
JAGUAR GOD-MAIN DIETY-RAIN AND FERTILITY
OVER 2,000 GODS

10. PLANNED CEREMONIAL CENTERS
JAGUAR
SPIRIT &
PLANNED CEREMONIAL CENTERS

11. RULERS POWER CONSTRUCTION OF HUGE PYRAMIDS
FLAT TOP LIKE SUMERIAN ZIGGURAT INSTEAD OF POINT LIKE EGYPTIAN PYRAMID
USED FOR WORSHIP-NOT BURIAL
TEMPLE AT VERY TOP-HUMAN SACRIFICE

13. OLMEC COLOSSAL HEADS-possibly the likenesses of rulers?

14. BALL GAMES

15. OLMEC CALENDARS AND MATH
OLMEC TRADE
JADE
OBSIDIAN
OLMEC CALENDARS AND MATH
OLMEC DECLINE
SYSTEMATICALLY DESTROYED CEREMONIAL CENTERS BY 400 B.C.E.

16. INFLUENCE OF OLMECS? CALENDAR HUMAN SACRIFICE BALL GAME
CEREMONIAL CENTERS
MAIZE

17. MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS
ZAPOTEC
SCATTERED VILLAGES THROUGHOUT OAXACA VALLEY
STONE STRUCTURES
HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING SYSTEM
CALENDAR SYSTEM
MONTE ALBAN: FIRST URBAN CENTER IN THE HISTORY OF MAN

18. ZAPOTEC CIVILIZATION

19. ZAPOTEC
HIEROGLYPHICS

20. MONTE ALBAN AVERAGE: 15,000 PEOPLE HEIGHT: 25,000 PEOPLE TEMPLES
PYRAMIDS
PALACES
STONE PLAZA
AMERICA’S FIRST CITY BUILDERS
MYSTEROUS DECLINE

21. MONTE
ALBAN

22. RUINS OF MONTE ALBAN-ZAPOTEC CIVILIZATION

23. EARLY CIVILIZATIONS OF THE ANDES
MODERN DAY PERU
CHAVIN PERIOD BC
RELIGIOUS CIVILIZATION
NAZCA
200 BC-600 AD
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
TEXTILES AND POTTERY
MOCHE AD
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
AGRICULTURE
WEALTHY
MYSTEROUS DOWNFALL

24. CHAVIN
PERIOD

25. MOCHE
NAZCA

26. MAYA-HEIRS OF THE OLMECS
WHO were the Maya?
A great civilization arose in what is today southern Mexico and northern Central America. This was the Mayan civilization. It appeared around A.D Between then and 900, the Maya built large cities such as Tikal and Copan.
Each city was independent and ruled by a god-king. Each city was a religious center as well as a government center for the area around it. These cities were large. Tens of thousands of people lived in these cities. The cities were full of temples, palaces, and pyramids. Archaeologists have found at least 50 Mayan cities.

27. Chichen Itza, power by the ninth century; loose empire in the Yucatan

28. MAYA CREATE URBAN KINGDOMS (pages 395-396)
Trade linked these cities. Among the trade goods were salt, flint, feathers, shells, cotton cloth, and ornaments made of jade. Cacao beans, which are used to make chocolate, were sometimes used as money. Maize, beans, and squash were the main foods.

29. MAYAN SOCIAL CLASSES Mayan society was divided into social classes.
Kings, Priests, and Hereditary Nobility at the top.
Merchants, Warriors, and Craft Workers were at the next level. Served as ambassadors
Professional architects and artisans were important
Peasant farmers and Slaves – the majority of the people – were at the bottom.

30. Warrior columns- Chichen Itza

31. MAYAN RELIGION
The Mayan religion was at the center of their society. There were many gods, including one for each day. The actions of the day’s god could be predicted, they thought, by following a calendar.
Popol Vuh records a Mayan myth of creation-gods created humans out of maize and water.

32. MAYAN RELIGION, CONT'D.
Gods maintained agricultural cycles in exchange for honors and sacrifices
Bloodletting rituals honored gods for rain

33. RELIGION SHAPES MAYAN LIFE (pages 396-398)
The Mayan religion led to the development of the calendar , mathematics, and astronomy. Mayan math included the idea of zero. They had two calendars.
One calendar was religious, and it had day months.
The other calendar was based on the sun. It had 18 months consisting of 20 days. The Maya linked the two together to identify days what would bring good fortune.

34. RELIGION SHAPES MAYAN LIFE (pages 396-398)
Mayan astronomy was very accurate. They observed the planets, sun, and moon to make their calendars as accurate as possible.
They calculated the time it takes the earth to revolve around the sun almost perfectly.

35. RELIGION SHAPES MAYAN LIFE (pages 396-398)
The Maya also developed the most advanced writing system in the ancient Americas. Mayan writing was made up of about 800 symbols, or glyphs.
They used their writing system to record important historical events. They carved in stone or recorded events in a bark-paper book known as a codex. Three of these ancient books still survive.

36. MYSTERIOUS MAYAN DECLINE (pages 398-399)
WHY did the civilization decline?
In the late 800s, the Maya civilization began to decline. Historians do not know why. One explanation may be that warfare between the different city-states disrupted Mayan societies.
The wars interrupted trade and drove many people out of the cities into the jungle. Another may be that the soil became less productive due to intensive farming over a long period of time.
Whatever the cause, the Maya became a less powerful people. They continued to live in the area, but their cities were no longer the busy trade and religious centers they had been.

37. Heirs of the Olmecs: Teotihuachan
The city of Teotihuacan in the highlands of Mexico

38. Colossal pyramids of the sun and moon

39. High point between 400-600 C.E. 200,000 inhabitants
Sun pyramid
Moon pyramid
High point between C.E. 200,000 inhabitants

40. Paintings and murals reflect the importance of priests

41. Teotihuacan society Rulers and priests dominated society
Two-thirds of the city’s inhabitants worked in the fields during daytime
Artisans were famous for their obsidian tools and orange pottery

42. Professional merchants traded extensively throughout Mesoamerica No sign of military organization or conquest

43. Cultural traditions: ball game, calendar, writing, sacrifices Decline of Teotihuacan from 650 C.E. ; was sacked and destroyed mid-eighth century

44. Early societies in South America
Early Andean society and the Chavin cult
- Early migration
to Peru and Bolivia
region

45. By 12,000 B.C.E. hunting and gathering peoples reached South America
By 8000 B.C.E. they began to experiment with agriculture
Complex societies appeared in central Andean region after 1000 B.C.E.
Andean societies were located in modern day Peru and Bolivia

46. Early agriculture in South America
Main crops: beans,
peanuts, sweet
potatoes, cotton
Fishing
supplemented
agricultural harvests

47. By 1800 B.C.E. the people
produced pottery, built temples
and pyramids

48. The Chavin Cult, from about 900-300 B.C.E.
Complexity of Andean society increases during Chavin
Devised
techniques of
producing cotton
textiles and
fishing nets
Discovered gold,
silver, and copper
metallurgy

49. Cities begin to appear shortly after Chavin cult Early Andeans did not make use of writing

50. Early Andean states: Mochica in northern Peru

51. Irrigation, trade, military, no writing - artistic legacy: painting on pottery, ceramics

52. Early societies of Oceania
Early societies in Australia and New Guinea
Human migrants arrived in Australia and New Guinea at least 60,000 years ago

53. About ten thousand years ago, rising seas separated Australia and New Guinea
By the mid-centuries of the first millennium C.E., human communities in all habitable islands of the Pacific Ocean
Australia: hunting and gathering until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries C.E.
New Guinea: turned to agriculture about 3000 B.C.E.

54. Austronesian peoples from southeast Asia were seafarers to New Guinea

55. Early agriculture in New Guinea:
root crops
herding animals
Proof of drainage of swamps for agriculture, low lying areas 5000 B.C.E.

56. The peopling of the Pacific Islands
Austronesian
migration to
Polynesia

57. Outrigger canoes allowed them to sail safely

58. Agriculture and domesticated animals

59. Austronesian migrations to Micronesia and Madagascar - Lapita Society from New Guinea to Tonga ( B.C.E.)
Agricultural villages
Pottery with
geometric designs

60. Networks of trade communication: pottery, obsidian, shells, tools traded

61. After 500 B.C.E. trade network declined; cultures developed independently
Hierarchical chiefdoms; tensions led to migrations
Devine or semi-divine chiefs: led public rituals, oversaw irrigation