1. The Contemporary World
SSWH21 The student will examine change and continuity in the world since the 1960s.
SSWH22 The student will analyze globalization in the contemporary world.

2. Pan- Africanism
In the 20th century, some African leaders believed in the dream of Pan-Africanism—the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries
In their view, all black African peoples shared a common identity
Supported by several of the new African leaders
Organization of African Unity, founded by the leaders of 32 African states in 1963 was a concrete result of this belief
2002- The African Union replaced the OAU.
The new 53 nation group aims to promote democracy and economic growth in the region.

3. Pan-Arabism Promoted by Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt
Feb Egypt formally united with Syria in the United Arab Republic
Nasser named the President of the new state
Hoped the union would spread to all Arab states
Other Arab leaders were suspicious of Pan-Arabism
Syria withdrew in 1961; Nasser continued to work on behalf of Arab interests

4. Ethnic Conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina
1990- the Yugoslav republics of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina & Macedonia began to lobby for independence
June 1991 Slovenia & Croatia declare their independence
Early 1992, Serbian guns turn towards Bosnia Herzegovina
By mid 1993, Serbian forces had acquired 70% of Bosnian territory
Many Bosnians were Muslims, to them the Serbs followed a policy of Ethnic cleansing
By 1995, 250,000 Bosnians had been killed and two million others were homeless.

6. Ethnic Conflict in Rwanda
Conflict between Hutus and Tutsis, two major ethnic groups
In 1994, a Hutu rampage left some 500,000 Tutsi dead in Rwanda
A Tutsi army then captured the capital of Rwanda
About 2 million people fled to refugee camps in surrounding countries

10. Tribunal
October 1994: International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), located in Tanzania, was established at The Hague.
1995: ICTR began indicting and trying a number of higher-ranking people for their role in the Rwandan genocide
Process was made more difficult because the whereabouts of many suspects were unknown.
The trials continued over the next decade and a half, including the 2008 conviction of three former senior Rwandan defense and military officials for organizing the genocide.

11. Reforms of Khrushchev New General Secretary of the Communist Party
Took steps to undo some of the worst features of Stalin’s era
Loosened government control of literary works
Put more emphasis on producing consumer goods
Attempted to increase agricultural output
Foreign policy failures led him to be voted out of office while he was on vacation in 1964

12. Reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev
A new era began in 1985 when he was chosen to lead the Soviet Union
Began a new era of glasnost, or openness in discussions of the Soviet problems
Perestroika- restructuring
Market economy- limited free enterprise & some private property
Set up elected Parliament
Allowed non-Communist parties to organize
Created a new state presidency
March Gorbachev became the Soviet Union’s first and last President

13. Break up of the Soviet Union
One of Gorbachev’s biggest problems was the multiethnic nature of the Soviet Union
92 ethnic groups & 112 languages
During , he struggled to deal with the problems brought on by his reforms
After a failed attempt by conservatives to seize power by arresting Gorbachev

14. Break up of the Soviet Union Continued…
Soviet republics moved for complete independence
Ukraine December 1, 1991
A week later the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, & Belarus announced that the Soviet Union ceased to exist
December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned and Boris Yeltsin, the new President of Russia came to power

15. Terrorism in the 20th century

16. What is Terrorism?
Terrorism: the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.
Examples?
Shining Path
Envisioned revolution as a military offensive, the Shining Path relied primarily on the peasants and made ruthless use of terror and violence.
Relied on both young intellectuals and indigenous peasants.
Red Brigade
(Italian Brigate Rosse) militant left-wing organization in Italy known for kidnappings, murders, and sabotage.
Self-proclaimed goal was to undermine the Italian state and pave the way for a Marxist upheaval led by a “revolutionary proletariat.”
Hamas
1987:Militant Palestinian Islamic movement in the West Bank and Gaza Strip that is dedicated to the destruction of Israel and the creation of an Islamic state in Palestine.
Since 1993 they have increased their terror campaign by using suicide bombers

17. Al Qaeda
An extreme group of Muslims, often referred to as fundamentalist militants
Hope to establish a pure Islamic society & therefore must drive Westerners out of the Middle East and other Islamic societies
Responsible for attacks on World Trade Center and the Pentagon September 11, 2001
Suspected to be responsible for bombing of two US embassies in Africa in 1998 and the attack on the USS Cole in 2000.

18. September 11th, 2001
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20. Why did these terrorists decide to attack the United States in this way? It is a complicated question. Osama Bin Laden, credited as the leader of Al Qaeda, supported and condoned the attacks, and likely participated in its planning. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed is usually considered the mastermind behind the attacks. The 19 terrorists (bottom right) were all on the four planes and all perished on 9/11, along with 2,800 others in planes and buildings.
Why?
The 19 terrorists
Osama Bin Laden
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
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21. As Muslim extremists, Al Qaeda had declared a religious jihad, a “Holy War” against the west. Many (but not all) Muslims view the United States as the cultural leader of the west, symbolizing things like Christianity, promoting things like promiscuity and loose morals (e.g. Hollywood, the entertainment industry), and supporting the State of Israel, an enemy to many followers of Islam. For all of these reasons, the United States was attacked.
Why?
The 19 terrorists
Osama Bin Laden
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
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22. 105,000,000,000
600,000,000
1,400,000,000
1,506,124
19,858
3,051
2819
1,714
1,402
614
343
289
115 98 37 26 23
3:1
Estimated dollars lost to New York City economy
Estimated dollars of clean-up costs
Estimated dollars contributed to 9/11 charities
Tons of debris removed from ‘ground zero’
Body parts found
Children who lost a parent
Total number of people killed (including terrorists)
Hate crimes reported on Muslims the next year
Employees in tower 1 killed
Employees in tower 2 killed
Firefighters and paramedics killed
Dead bodies found ‘intact’
Countries who had citizens die in the attack
Fire-trucks destroyed
Port Authority Officers killed
Number of days until the U.S. invaded Afghanistan
NYPD officers killed
Ratio of men to women killed
9/11: By the Numbers…
From New York Magazine
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23. Rise of women as major world leaders

24. Indira Gandhi India’s first female Prime Minister
Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru
Prime Minister of India (1966 – 77; 1980 – 84)
One of India’s most notable & controversial leaders
Wanted to eradicate poverty, take her nation into the modern world and do it quickly!
Faced problems of huge population growth and growing ethnic and religious strife
Indira Gandhi

25. Indira Gandhi Assassination
On October 31, 1984, a trusted bodyguard, who was a Sikh, shot her point-blank.
Another bodyguard, also a Sikh, then took out an automatic weapon and shot 30 rounds into her body. Gandhi died on the way to the hospital.

26. Golda Meir
Israel’s fourth Prime Minister
The world’s third woman with that title.
Convinced strong state of Israel was best hope for her people’s survival, but wanted peace with her Arab neighbors

27. Golda Meir May 3, 1898 – December 8, 1978
One of the founders of the state of Israel
Prime Minister of Israel March 1969 – April 1974
First and only female Prime Minister of Israel

28. Golda Meir
During the period of peace between the 1967 and 1973 Arab-Israeli wars, Golda Meir straddled the line between radicals who wanted to settle the territory and moderates who favored giving up land in exchange for peace.
1973: Debate ended with the outbreak of the Arab-Israeli War (aka Yom Kippur War)
Meir prepared for a defensive war.
Syrian forces attacked from the north and Egypt attacked from the west. After three weeks, Israel was victorious and had gained more Arab land.
Golda Meir formed a new coalition government but resigned on April 10, 1974, exhausted and willing to let others lead.
1978: Meir died in Jerusalem at the age of 80 from leukemia.

31. Margaret Thatcher
1979: Elected prime minister of the United Kingdom, the first woman to hold the position.
During her three terms, she cut social welfare programs, reduced trade union power and privatized certain industries.
Thatcher often found herself allied with U.S. President Ronald Reagan

32. Margaret Thatcher
At her first conference speech, Thatcher reprimanded said, “A man’s right to work as he will, to spend what he earns, to own property, to have the state as servant and not as master—these are the British inheritance.”
Soon after, she attacked the Soviet Union as “bent on world dominance.”
A Soviet army newspaper responded by calling her “the Iron Lady,” a nickname she immediately embraced.

33. Margaret Thatcher
1979- Conservative Party came to power in Britain under Margaret Thatcher
Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, & end inflation
Improved economic situation in Britain but at cost of old industrial areas
Dominated British politics of 1980’s
In 1990 resigned after tax riots broke out

34. Globalization in the contemporary world

35. Technology Transforms Life
Developments in Technology during the 1950s
Television- Television becomes a popular and powerful medium
Computers and Electronics- The invention of the transistor, a tiny circuit device that amplifies, controls, and generates electrical signals, revolutionizes computers and radios
Nuclear power- wartime nuclear research is put to peacetime use in nuclear power plants and nuclear-powered submarines
Advances in Medicine- Dr. Jonas Salk develops a vaccine against polio; advances in antibiotics and surgical techniques save countless lives.

36. Computers

37. 1950s Technology

38. United Nations International organization established in 1945
Purpose- securing world peace
Founded by 51 nations following WWII
Now has 192 members
UN Security Council (enforces UN decisions) – US, Russia, United Kingdom, France, and the People’s Republic of China
Headquarters in New York
Struggled to address issues of civil & ethnic strife

39. OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Created in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela
Headquarters in Vienna, Austria
Objective- to coordinate and unify petroleum policies among member nations in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers

40. World Trade Organization
Since WWII, nations have developed a global economy
1995, World Trade Organization was established
Trade agreements are made and upheld by its more than 140 members
Criticized for placing commercial interests over environmental and health interests and for ignoring small and developing countries
Only global international organization to deal with rules of trade among nations