1. Concerns and Conflicts in the Middle East
Lesson #504

2. What was happening in Iran in 1980s?
The roots of our problem with Iran began during the Cold War.

3. Old Iran Persian Empire – an ancient culture Very powerful
Very advanced
Gardens, architecture, science – “paradise”
Conquered by the Muslim Empire ~650
Became a Sunni Muslim region of Islamic Empire
Persia shook off Sunni Muslims in 1500
Established Shia as official religion
To show break with past conquerors
New Persian king: “The Shah”

5. Iran in a modern age
The Shah was forced to accept a constitution in ~1905 – A FORM OF DEMOCRACY
The democracy was overthrown by Reza Khan in 1925 – remained unto the 1940s
His goal: more quickly modernize Iran
Suspected of supporting the Nazis, he was force to abdicate in favor of his son, Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi
In 1961, The Shah launched the White Revolution: a broad modernization plan
The conservative Muslims HATED this

6. The Shah of Iran HE WAS A DICTATOR! Dictator of Iran up to 1979
Iran was modernizing
But…
The Shah of Iran
HE WAS A DICTATOR! 7m
Conservative Religious people did not like the fast modern changes

7. The Shah of Iran Why would we liked him? Pro-Western
Wanted to modernize
Friendly to USA
More into gender equity
Why we would not like him?
Ruthless dictator
Killed protestors
Created instability
Rick Steves - 7:45-13:45

8. What two very different sections of Iranian society would want the Shah gone?

9. The Islamic Revolution in Iran
January, 1979
Shah overthrown by a combination of two groups
Conservatives, who hated the modernization
Modernists, who hated his dictatorial ways
Two weeks later, Ayatollah became supreme leader

10. American Hostage Crisis
USA refused to recognize the revolution
Iranian students stormed the US embassy
52 Americans captured – held hostage 444 Days
All diplomatic ties were cut off by new Iranian government
Americans were LIVID

11. The New Iran, post 1979 Women must be covered
Became an Islamic dictatorship
click

12. US and Iranian relations
Our relationship with Iran in the 1980s and 1990s was non-existent - We no longer had an embassy
We talked to their government through other governments
Iran seemed to go backward socially since 1979
All women must wear the Chador
All men must pray 5x a day
Western ways were seen as corrupt
USA was called “the Great Satan”

13. US and Iranian relations
Iran went to war against Iraq
Iran built up military in 1990s to the strongest in the region
We issued sanctions against Iran in 1979, and continued up until Jan 16, 2016
We used them to try to control Iran
“Sanctions” prevent a nation from gaining international aid
Most recently, we used sanctions to try to force end Iran’s nuclear weapons development and production (2006 during Bush Presidency)

14. US and Iranian relations
The recent nuclear deal:
Iran has promised to halt all Weapons production, in return, they got:
Full access to $150 billion of potential revenues
$1.3 billion of US tax dollars as interest payments on a $400,000 trust set up just before diplomatic relations soured in 1979

16. Meanwhile… in Iraq…

17. Iraq also had a shift in leadership
Iraq was an Arab republic from WWII to the modern era.
General Saddam Hussein staged a Military coup 1979
became dictator
New government ran by Saddam & Ba’ath Party
Enormously powerful
Repressive
Territorial dispute with newly formed Iranian government led quickly to a long, bloody war

18. Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988 Iraq invaded Iran REASONS:
Saddam saw Iran in chaos
Arabs vs. Persians
Control oil
Control Gulf

19. American Role AMERICAN GOALS: Openly support Iraq
Keep the new dictatorships fighting
Secretly support Iran
Iran-Contra sale of weapons
War ended 1989
No clear winner
1 million Iranian deaths
Iraq lost billions of $$

20. Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait
1990 – new war, new enemy
Iraq suddenly invaded Kuwait
Reasons:
Kuwait was stealing oil from Iraq
Kuwait was land that should be Iraq
Kuwait was not supportive enough in Iran-Iraq War
Kuwait drove down price of oil – Hurt Iraqi economy
click

21. Know as “The Gulf War” (1989-1990)
Iraq invaded Kuwait
Kuwait asked for our help
Saudi Arabia asked for our protection
US demanded Iraq get out
Iraq refused
USA took a hard line against Iraq
Al Qaida disgusted that USA was “invading” region

22. Describe the picture What actually is happening
What you think Saddam is trying to show is happening?
What actually is happening

23. American Response Operation Desert Shield
500,000 Americans sent to Saudi Arabia
(to protect those Saudi oil fields, and prepare
invasion of Iraq)
37 nation coalition
Demand: get out of Kuwait

24. Operation Desert Shield (1989-1990)
US built coalition of nations (support)
US shifted 500,000 troops to Saudi Arabia
To protect oil
Islamists angered by American meddling

25. Operation Desert Storm
American invasion of Kuwait
Reasons:
Iraq was HORRIBLE to Kuwaitis
Iraq could control oil market if it owned Kuwait
Expectation: months of horrible fighting, American deaths

26. American victory Almost no American casualties
Iraqi army surrendered to anyone
Iraq was humiliated
Islamists hated that Americans didn’t leave
Gen Norman Schwarzkopf

27. New problem: TERRORISM
Things seemed to be all calm
Then… 9-11
American was back at war
Al Qaeda in Afghanistan
Saddam in Iraq
AMERICANS WERE ANGRY AT MIDDLE EAST

28. New War: Global War on Terror
(GWOT)
GOALS
Find terrorists
Deny terrorists funds
Destroy terrorist networks

29. Two wars Afghanistan (2001-present) 2. Iraq (2003-2012)
Goal: Find those responsible for 9-11
Dismantle terrorist groups responsible for 9-11
Help create stability in Middle East
2. Iraq ( )
Eliminate terrorist support structure
Remove Saddam Hussein
Help create a stable, lawful Iraqi government

30. NEW GENERATION OF WAR America fights back GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR
Operation Enduring Freedom
Operation Iraqi Freedom

31. Operation Iraqi Freedom
Saddam was supporting terrorists
Saddam may have been creating WMD
Tons of chemical weapons disappeared
Invasion into Iraq 2003
Saddam was to be replaced with a democratic government
Goal: remove Saddam
Replace him with a democratic government

32. Purpose in Iraq Remove Saddam Hussein
He had been supporting terrorists
He was building forces back up after Iraq War

33. Success in Iraq Problem: recreate a democratic government
First election in 2005 – formed new government
Women voted
Protected “real” elections
First real election in January 2010

34. Purpose in Afghanistan
Remove Al Qaeda terrorists
Taliban government fought our efforts
New goal: remove Taliban government
US Troops to leave in 2017

37. Terrorism Global War on Terrorism (2001-now)
Terrorism – what is it?!
Terrorism
Global War on Terrorism (2001-now)

38. TERRORISM – a definition
Come up with a definition
Think of:
who does it?
What do they want?
How do they expect to get it?
How do they go about getting their attention?

39. TERRORISM – a definition
Destructive actions meant to create dramatic fear and to shift political support for a cause
Usually violent
Considered illegal
They usually target innocent people (civilians)
Terrorists usually say they are fighting for a bigger cause

40. Civilian Targets

41. Suicide Bombing

42. Terrorists can act alone…
Subtitle spoof

43. … or with a group
Click – 3m

44. A quick history of Terrorism
66-72 AD - Romans attacked by people they controlled
“terrorism” first used by French Revolutionaries to scare French people to stay “with” the revolution
Terrorism is usually used by people who feel they are oppressed, and have no other means of getting attention for their cause

45. Terrorism in recent times
IRA in Ireland
Palestinians in Israel

46. Increase in attacks

47. Terrorism in America Ted Kaczynski, the "Unabomber"
Nationwide bombing campaign
Between 1978 and 1995
Opposed modern technology, industrialization
Mailed and planted homemade bombs
killing three people; injuring 23 others.
Ted Kaczynski,
the "Unabomber"
Went to Harvard at age 16
Was guinea pig in stress experiments
Earned PhD in math from Mich.
age 25, UC Berkeley
Quit
Recluse in Montana
Sent 16 bombs in 17 years
In prison for life

48. American Terrorist Timothy McVeigh Oklahoma City bombing
Click – 3m
Timothy McVeigh
Oklahoma City bombing
Detonated a truck bomb next to
Federal Building in Oklahoma City, 1995.
Killed 168 people and injured over 600
Found guilty
Executed quickly (four years)
He hoped to inspire a revolt against what he considered to be a tyrannical federal government.

49. Foreign terrorist in America, WTC 1993
World Trade Center bomber, 1993
Car bomb - detonated below North Tower
1,500 lb (680 kg) bomb intended kill 250,000 people
It failed, but killed six people and injured 1,042
Ramzi Yousef
Yousef sent letter to New York Times after the bombing:
The bombing was “in response for the American support to Israel,"
And he hoped to show Americans the pain they caused to the Japanese in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

50. Foreign terrorist, WTC 1993 Sentenced to 240 yrs in prison
Yousef prayed almost every hour
Made many attempts to convert
Cellmates on "Bomber's Row."
Timothy McVeigh
Ted Kaczynsk
Yousef reportedly converted to Christianity in 2005.
Ramzi Yousef
"Yes, I am a terrorist, and proud of it as long as it is against the U.S. government and Israel, because you are more than terrorists; you are the one who invented terrorism and using it every day. You are butchers, liars and hypocrites."

51. Our first real attack of TERRORISM in America:
Americans were confused
Most had no idea anyone was mad at us
Most Americans wanted revenge
AMERICANS WERE ANGRY AT
All of the MIDDLE EAST
All MUSLIMS

52. Where did terrorists come from?
Small in number
Mostly made up of VERY loyal Muslims
Most just want “Western” things out of Middle East
Problem: we depend on Middle Eastern Oil

53. 9-11 (Sept. 11, 2001) New York city World Trade Center Became known as
“GROUND ZERO”

54. What is the history of terrorism?
Click – 36min history of terrorism

55. Anti-Terrorism Measures

56. Anti-Terrorism Counter-Terrorism Goal – prevent terrorism
Prepare and defend ourselves from them
React to them after they attack – keep others safe
EXAMPLE: AIRPORT SECURITY
Counter-Terrorism
Goal – defeat terrorism
Deny them the ability to attack
Find and attack terrorists to eliminate them
EXAMPLE: TRACK DOWN TERRORIST RING & DESTROY

57. Counter Terrorism Measures

58. Goal of War on Terror Find terrorists Deny terrorists funds
Destroy terrorist networks

59. Purpose of troops in Afghanistan
Remove Al Qaeda terrorists
Taliban government fought our efforts
New goal: remove Taliban government
US Troop became advisors at end of 2014

60. Understanding
Sept 11.
Click- 56min
War on Terror

61. Modern History of Terrorism
Terrorism is Asymmetric Warfare.
Asymmetric warfare is the use of apparently random/unpredictable violence by an weak military against a stronger military to gain advantage. (Allen, 1997).
The key of Asymmetric warfare is using unexpected, unconventional tactics in combat (Craig, 1998).
There has been much discussion of Asymmetric Warfare. This is where a superior power is confronted with an unconventional, much smaller enemy. However, the enemy has a fervent belief in a cause, but attacks using new, often never used before approaches often to the surprise of the dominant force.
Arthur H. Garrison, How the World Changed: a History of the Development of Terrorism, presented at Delaware criminal Justice Council Annual Retreat, Oct 28-29, 2001
Arthur H. Garrison

62. Prevention of Terrorism
Primary prevention:
Education!!!
Understand the differences in cultures, religions, beliefs and human behaviors
Think of the peace, freedom and equality of all human beings, not just “my group of people”
Eliminate the root of terrorism
Just because of its uncertainty, it is hard to collect unbiased data on terrorism and it is hard to propose specific prevention measures. Here we present the general approaches of prevention from the epidemiological and public health point of view.

63. Prevention of Terrorism
Secondary prevention:
Establish surveillance and monitoring system on terrorism attack
Improve protective system for citizens

64. Prevention of Terrorism
Tertiary prevention
Early detection of the sources
Prevent the extension of impairments
Rescue the survivors
Console the rest of the population

65. Types of Terrorism
Domestic terrorism involves groups whose terrorist activities are directed at elements of our government without foreign involvement. Oklahoma City is a primary example.
International terrorism involves groups whose terrorist activities are foreign-based and/or directed by countries or groups outside the United States. Sept. 11 is an example of International Terrorism.
Recent Trends in Domestic and International Terrorism, the Center for National Security Studies,
the Center for National Security Studies

66. Methods of Terrorism Firearms Explosive and Incendiary Devices
Chemical Agents
Biological Agents
Nuclear Weapon

67. Suspicious Thing to Look for
From Emergency Net NEWS Archives, Document Courtesy of the U.S. Postal Inspector's Office

68. Death Rate of Various Causes in 2000 USA and that from Terrorism
Heart disease*
One in 400
Cancer *
One in 500
Cerebrovascular diseases*
One in 2,000
Accidents *
One in 3,000
Diabetes*
One in 4,000
Suicide*
One in 10,000
Homicide*
One in 20,000
Terrorism in 2001
One in 100,000
Terrorism in 1990’s
One in 50,000,000
* Age adjusted death rate in National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 49, No. 12, Oct 9, 2001.

69. Why did terrorism draw considerable attention in 2001?
The risk of dying from terrorism was extremely low in 1990’s, and was still relatively low compared with some diseases in 2001
But the death rate increased by 500 times in 2001 due to Sept. 11
Overall the death rate of terrorism has not been high
Despite the low risk, shock, surprise and fear engulfed the United States and world
The risk of dying from terrorism was even lower than that from hitting by lightening. Assume how surprised you will be, if someone tell you that your chance of hitting by lightening will be as high as that of homicide.

70. Conclusion Terrorism is unlawful act
Terrorism has a long history of being used to achieve political, religious and ideological objectives
Terrorism can be conducted through firearms, explosive devices and biological, chemical, nuclear materials
Even through the events of 2001,the risk of dying from terrorism has remained much lower than that from motor vehicles, smoking, and alcoholic beverage.
Sources: Information on how to help children understand the terrorist attacks:
Suggestions for Adults: Talking and Thinking with Children About the Terrorist Attacks
Suggestions for Educators: Meeting the Needs of Students
A Letter to Elementary School Students from First Lady Laura Bush
A Letter to Middle and High School Students from First Lady Laura Bush
President Bush Participates in Launch of Friendship Through Education Consortium
School Officials Urged to Prevent Harassment of Muslim and Arab-American Students
Where you can find additional information and resources:
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
American Counseling Association
American Psychological Association Online: Help with Trauma
Emergency Services and Disaster Relief Branch, Center for Mental Health
Helping Children and Adolescents Cope with Violence and Disasters
Helping Children Cope with Disaster, National Parent Information Network
High Schools for Heroes
National Association of School Psychologists
National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Trauma, Disasters, and Violence
Talking with Children When Disaster Strikes
Ten Tips to Help Your Kids Deal with Violence, Parenting Press
Terrorism and Children, Purdue University Extension
University of Oklahoma, Department of Pediatrics
U.S. Government Information and Resources in Response to September 11th Events