1. 04/19 Warm-Up: What is some of your prior knowledge about the civil rights movement? If time allows, we will watch the news at the end of class.
Take a note sheet.

2. Life in the 1950s

3. Life in the 1950s
Life in the 1950’s was simple. Some say it was the best time in American History, although I would suggest that could be true for most White Americans but not completely true for Black Americans.

4. Segregation and racism
Segregation and racism was still part of life and although there were some major changes to erase both like in 1954, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled segregation in public schools were unconstitutional, there were still problems forcing blacks to take drastic measures for equality and inclusion like in 1955, when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus.

5. For many Americans
For many Americans, the wars and the depression were a distant memory and the country was feeling good about itself. Most Americans trusted the government and believed in politicians. Society was experiencing growth, economically and socially, and new ideas of prosperity and success for families and the country as a whole were taking shape.

6. Jobs
Jobs were mainly industrial and agricultural, most men worked in blue-collar jobs and there was an increase in the need for secretarial work, which allowed for some women to work outside of the home.

7. TV In the 1950s
In the 1950’s, television was becoming more and more a part of everyday life, more families had televisions in their homes and AM radio was also becoming more popular, along with the advent of 45 records, jukeboxes, and eventually albums.
Television commercials of the 1950s

8. Life in the Early 1950s
However, life in the early 1950’s was still very strict. Women were still obligated to the status of housewife and men were the main breadwinners in the family. Children, including teenagers, were to be seen and not heard but by the mid-1950’s, that was becoming more difficult because of newfound freedoms, rock and roll music, and other outlets teenagers had available to them.
Good Wife’s Guide

9. Clothing Styles
Changes in clothing styles, specifically for teens, started to appear. Guys started wearing their hear longer with sideburns and slicked back with grease. They also wore jeans and leather jackets (with the collar turned up to be “cool”) and the girls wore ponytails, poodle skirts, pedal pushers, and scarves.

10. The Poodle Skirt
Prior to the 1950’s, clothing worn by young people was very reserved and proper but to some extent that changed in the 50’s. For example, poodle skirts were popular with females for a couple of reasons.
The first is that the skirt allowed for easier dancing, being spun around letting the skirt twirled.
The next reason is that the skirt was loose and free, a sign of freedom. Leather jackets, cut-off shirts, and slicked back hair allowed the boys to appear as “cool.”
Fashion in the 195s

11. Although, young people were experiencing more freedom and independence they were, for the most part, still respectable to adults and they still were dignified and decent. Children still obeyed parents. Females were still expected to act a certain “ladylike” way and males were still expected to act like gentlemen. Sex was taboo, premarital sex was not accepted and if a girl found herself “in the family way” (a slang for pregnant) many times she was shipped off to live with relatives or admitted to some special school for girls.

12. Civil Rights Movement

13. Post-WWII
African Americans grew dissatisfied with their second-class status after WWII
Risked their lives defending freedom abroad
Civil Rights Movement-a broad and diverse effort to attain racial equality

14. Segregation divides America-North
De facto segregation: segregated by unwritten custom or tradition, face of life
Blacks were denied housing in many neighborhoods and faced discrimination in employment (NORTH)

15. Segregation divides America-South
Jim Crow laws-enforced strict separation of the races in the South
Schools, hospitals, transportation, & restaurants
De jure segregation-imposed by law
1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson-”Separate but equal”

16. Jim Crow LAWS
Intermarriage: It shall be unlawful for a white person to marry anyone except a white person. Any marriage in violation of this section shall be void. Georgia
Barbers: No colored barber shall serve as a barber [to] white women or girls. Georgia
Burial: The officer in charge shall not bury, or allow to be buried, any colored persons upon ground set apart or used for the burial of white persons. Georgia
Prisons: The warden shall see that the white convicts shall have separate apartments for both eating and sleeping from the negro convicts. Mississippi
Textbooks: Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools, but shall continue to be used by the race first using them. North Carolina
Separate tax on blacks established to fund colored schools. Delaware
Marriage between whites and Negroes or mulattoes illegal. Penalty: Misdemeanor, fine and/or imprisonment. Delaware

21. KKK and the civil rights movement
After WWII, the name Ku Klux Klan was used by numerous groups throughout the South who opposed the civil rights movement and desegregation.
These groups used cross burnings, beatings, bombings, and murder to intimidate civil rights activists and local black communities.
During this period, the groups often forged alliances with police departments and state offices to further their cause.

22. KKK and Civil Rights
During the late 1960s and 1970s, the KKK shifted its focus to one opposing affirmative action, immigration, and court-ordered school busing.
Today, researchers estimate that there are as many as 150 Klan chapters active in the U.S. with between 5,000 and 8,000 members nationwide.
In 1971, KKK members blew up school buses in Pontiac, Michigan in an attempt to stop a court-ordered school desegregation plan.

23. The Impact of Segregation
African Americans received low-paying jobs
Higher rates of poverty and illiteracy
Lower rates of homeownership and life expectancy
Couldn’t vote in the south

24. The Civil Rights Movement Grows
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE): became convinced to use non-violent methods to gain civil rights
Organized Protests in northern cities
President Truman used his executive power to order the desegregation of the military

25. NAACP Challenges Segregation
NAACP became the largest and most powerful civil rights organization
Thurgood Marshal-headed the team that challenged the legality of segregation

26. Brown vs. Board 1954 NAACP challenged the “separate but equal” ruling
The Supreme Court agreed with NAACP argument that segregated public education violated the U.S. Constitution
Effects:
Great impact since it touched so many Americans
Opposition to the ruling declared that the South would not be integrated (White Citizens Council)

27. Little Rock Nine
President Eisenhower sent federal troops to Little Rock to protect the African American students and to enforce Brown vs. Board
For the entire school year, federal troops stayed in Little Rock escorting the students to and from school

28. Effects of Little Rock Nine
It demonstrated that the President would not tolerate open defiance of the law
However, most southern states found ways to resist desegregation and it would take years before black and white children went to school together

29. 04/21 Warm-up: Get out a sheet of paper and write Civil rights-day 2 at the top No I don’t have any lined paper for you

30. Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks actions transformed the movement
NAACP began preparing a legal challenge
Rise of MLK: urged non-violence
Boycott lasted a year
In 1956 the Supreme Court ruled the Montgomery bus segregation law was unconstitutional

31. Effects of the Boycott and the Supreme Court Victory
Revealed the power African Americans could have if they joined together
King established the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Advocated nonviolent resistance to fight injustice

32. Freedom ride
Test the federal government’s willingness to enforce that segregation on interstate buses was illegal (Boynton v. Virginia 1960)
En route, they defied segregation codes
In Alabama firebombed one bus and attacked the riders of the second bus

33. Effects of the Freedom Ride
Kennedy takes action
Federal Transportation Commission issued an order mandating the desegregation of interstate transportation
Civil rights activists achieved their goal and that intimidation would not defeat them

35. March on Washington
To put pressure on Congress to pass the new civil rights bill
Drew more than 200,000
MLK-”I have a dream”
One of the largest political demonstrations
A model for peaceful protest

36. Civil Rights Act of 1964
The act banned segregation in public accommodations
Gave the federal government the ability to desegregate schools
Prosecute individuals who violated people’s civil rights
Outlawed discrimination in employment
Established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

37. The Push for Voting Rights
Literacy tests
Poll taxes
Intimidation
All kept blacks from voting
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Spurred by actions of protesters and the President, Congress passed the act
It banned literacy tests and empower the federal gov to oversee voting registration
By 1975, Congress extended to Hispanic voters
Black participation jumped from 7% in 1964 to 70% in 1986

38. The Riots Frustration over discrimination and poverty
Worst in Newark, New Jersey and Detroit, Michigan in the summer of 1967
Blacks using violence against police and white business owners in black neighborhoods

39. The Kerner Commission
It concluded racial discrimination as the cause of the violence
They recommended by extending federal programs to Urban black neighborhoods
Controversy surrounding the Commission
Johnson did not follow up

40. “Black Power” Move away from nonviolence
Stokley Carmichael’s definition: it meant African Americans should collectively use their economic and political muscle to gain equality

41. Black Panthers Symbol of young militant African Americans
Protected urban neighborhoods from police abuse
Created antipoverty programs

42. MLK’s final days
Understood the anger and frustration of many urban African Americans
Disagreed with the call for “black power”
King’s assassination triggered riots in more than 100 cities

43. Significant Gains during civil rights movement
Eliminated legal or de jure segregation
Knocked down barriers of voting and political participation for African Americans
Poverty rates fell
Increase in the number of African Americans high school graduates
Appointment of Thurgood Marshall as the first African American Supreme Court Justice in 1967
Fair Housing Act

44. 04/25 warm-up agenda: kennedy and cold war. cuba. bay of pigs
04/25 warm-up agenda: kennedy and cold war cuba bay of pigs space race camelot