1. AC4.1 Assess the use of criminological theories in informing policy development
Individualistic
biological
sociological
policy development
informal policy making
formal policy making
crime control policies
state punishment policies

3. Name 3 government policies that relate to the reduction of crime (they could be in the uK or elsewhere) 1 2 3
Which of these is the most successful do you think and why
Are any of these based on individualistic theories? Give reasons
Prison
Fines
Capital punishment
Drug rehabilitation
CCTV
Points on license
Education programmes
Sure start
Home visits
Police patrols

4. Policy
Reasons why it is successful

5. List all of the words associated with these theories – aim for 4 in each
Learning theories
Psychodynamic theories
Eysenck’s theory

6. Policy based on behavioural theory Token economy

7. Link the therapy with the explanation
According the behavioural approach, offending, like any other behaviour is learnt from the environment through operant conditioning or social learning
The behaviour can be unlearnt and replaced by a more adaptive behaviour using the same processes

8. Policy based on behavioural theory - Token economy
It is based on operant conditioning therefore it is called a behaviour modification technique
The aim is to modify directly observable
behaviours
It involves three main steps
Identifying the undesirable or maladaptive behaviour
Restructuring the environment so that the undesirable behaviour is no longer reinforced and positive behaviour is reinforced

9. How it works ....
Remove reinforcers (behaviour then becomes less likely to be repeated)
Undesirable behaviour is repeated because it is being reinforced
Ethics
Punishment will also decrease the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
Desired behaviour is displayed
Positive reinforcement is given i.e. token
The tokens then can be exchanged for privileges i.e. Watching TV, listening to music, sports activity.
Basic commodities like food, water and sleep are human rights they cannot be withheld from patients

10. Token Economy Used to encourage good behaviour
Based on the principle of operant conditioning(learning by consequences)
Behaviours that are reinforced will be more likely to be repeated
Primary reinforcers – anything that gives pleasure e.g. food
Secondary reinforcers have no intrinsic value but acquire their reinforcing properties by being exchanged for primary reinforcers

11. What’s involved Assigning values to tokens
Token given alongside primary reinforcer to give the token ‘value’
 watch the clip and make notes in your workbook
Reinforcer needs to be delivered immediately after the patients engages in a positive behaviour Why?
When person performs target behaviour they are given token(secondary reinforcer)
The ‘trade’ – exchange of tokens for primary reinforcers…..during the early stages frequent exchanges mean that patients can be quickly reinforced

12. Evaluation It does not have serious side-effects unlike drugs
Ayllon and Azrin (1968) found that tokens were effective in eliminating undesired behaviours and maintaining desired behaviours.
It does not have serious side-effects unlike drugs
Kazdin & Bootzin (1972) have claimed that the token economy does not lead to permanent behavioural change, and that once the reinforcement is removed, the undesirable behaviours return to their initial level.
It fails to address the underlying causes of offending.

13. Read the appendix and highlight answers to these questions
What is the token economy designed to do?
What is the larger goal of token economies?
Highlight examples of things that act as tokens
What do the participants need to know?
Identify some examples of back up reinforcers
What happens if the value of the tokens is too low?
What happens if the value of the tokens is set too high?
What needs to happen for the consistent implementation of the token economy?
What is a reinforcement schedule?
What is fading?
Highlight two advantages and two disadvantages of token economies

14. Activity
Design a token economy system to be used in a young offenders’ institution
Make a list of all the behaviours you would consider to be good or desirable and would be positively reinforced within your token economy system
Which of the behaviours do you think would be most resistant to change? Why?
What secondary reinforcers would you use?
What primary reinforcers would you use? Think about what young offenders are going to be motivated by?

15. The reward of a conjugal visit
A conjugal visit is a scheduled period in which a prison inmate is permitted to spend several hours in private with a visitor, usually his or her legal spouse. The parties may engage in sexual intercourse.
The basis for allowing such visits is to preserve family bonds and increase the chances of success for a prisoner’s eventual return to life after prison.
Conjugal visits are not permitted in the UK; however they are permitted in many other countries, including America.
Arguments for and against?

16. Arguments for conjugal visits Arguments against conjugal visits

17. today Evaluate psychoanalysis page 9
Apply concepts to case study page 10
Complete task on computers page 12 of booklet
Plan how you would answer question on sociological theories – Weds 8 marks 12 minutes
When’s your criminology exam?
Monday 5th June

18. Statement
Agree/ disagr ee?
Why?
Token economies are easy to implement
Token economies lead to long term changes in behaviour
It is ok to withhold privileges from prisoners (token economies are ethical)
Token economies change reduce disobedient behaviour in prisons
Token economies work for everyone

19. Plan for question on sociological theories
Describe and evaluate sociological theories of crime
Which two theories would you describe?
List 4 specialist terms associated with each theory
Write two paragraphs of evaluation using PEE
One weakness with ………………theory is………………..
This is a weakness because…………….
One strength with……………is ……………………
This is a strength because…………
Weaknesses/strengths – do the theories offer solutions? – only left and right realism do!
Do compare and contrast explanations

20. Interventions based on Psychodynamic theory
Psychoanalysis
A collection of techniques that attempt to access and understand the unconscious motives that may be influencing the person’s criminal behaviour
Early childhood interventions
Policies that attempt to influence the early childhood relationships between parents and children because the psychodynamic theory believes this is where the adult personality is formed.

21. Psychoanalysis

22. What is it?
A therapy developed by Sigmund Freud to make the unconscious conscious to enable the person to deal with abnormal behaviour.

23. Psychodynamic treatments

24. AIM OF PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES
TO UNCOVER REPRESSED MATERIAL IN UNCONSCIOUS TO HELP CLIENT UNDERSTAND THE ORIGINS OF THEIR PROBLEMS
TO MAKE THE UNCONSCIOUS, CONSCIOUS

25. 1. Free Association 2. Dream Analysis
Techniques used
1. Free Association 2. Dream Analysis

26. 1. Free Association Therapist sits out of view
Client encouraged to say whatever comes into their minds without censor
Ego defences may be lowered allowing unconscious thoughts to be revealed
Therapist identifies themes and ideas that can be analysed …e.g. client may talk about mother but not father

27. 2. Dream Analysis
Freud suggested that dreams were the ‘royal road to the unconscious’.
By this he meant that dreams can tell us about the fears and desires that our conscious mind cannot deal with.
However, even in dreams our conscious mind may still find some thoughts and wishes too frightening and so the ego disguises the true wishes by replacing them with symbolic representations of the true objects and people.
Dreams have a manifest content (symbols) that represent the latent content (the real meaning)
Dreams therefore require interpretation. 

28. Activity Try to identify the hidden content in the following dreams.
I was in a relationship with a woman, but it was going through problems. I consciously anticipated that the relationship would survive, but I was woken from a vivid dream in which the woman was riding away on a bicycle, waving at me. In reality the woman does not ride a bicycle.
Dream 2
I had a vivid dream. There were two large bare trees. I had been instructed to kill the ‘bugs’ in them with a spray device.

29. What is the latent content of these symbols?
Peaches What do you think these symbols may represent? 
Peaches
Melons
Train going into a tunnel
Being held up by gunpoint
flying

30. Ink Blot
Tests

31. Ink Blot Tests Designed to access the unconscious
Put the numbers 1-10 on a sheet of paper
After viewing each image, write down what you can see in the inkblot

32. Ink Blot Tests
Hermann Rorschach hoped that these spontaneous reactions would yield valuable clues as to the test subject's personality.
Whether they do remains controversial.

33. Ink Blot Tests 1

34. Ink Blot Tests 2

35. Ink Blot Tests 3

36. Ink Blot Tests 4

37. Ink Blot Tests 5

38. Ink Blot Tests 6

39. Ink Blot Tests 7

40. Ink Blot Tests 8

41. Ink Blot Tests 9

42. Ink Blot Tests 10

43. Ink Blot Tests
RESULTS!

44. Ink Blot Tests
RESULTS!
Black ink. A roughly triangular shape, point down, suggesting a broad, foxlike face with prominent ears. Naughty bits: a pair of breasts (rounded projections at top of blot); a vertical female figure, her torso partly visible through a gauzy dress (along centre line).
Good/Common Answers:  “Bat, butterfly, female figure (in the centre), moth”
You may be a little paranoid if you see:  “Mask, animal face, jack o lantern”
Bad Answer: “Anything insulting about the female figure (it is an indicator of your own body image)”
How fast you answer is taken as an indication of how well you cope with new situations. If you don't give more than one answer for Plate I, many psychologists will drop a hint - tell you to look closer. 1

45. Ink Blot Tests
RESULTS!
Black and red ink. Two dark-grey splotches suggesting dancing figures. Red splotches at top of each figure and at bottom centre. Naughty bits: penis (upper centre, black ink); vagina (the red area at bottom centre).
You should see this image as: “Two human-like forms (females or clowns)  If you don't it is an indicator that you have trouble relating to people.”
Other Good/Common Answers: “Butterfly, cave entrance”
Should you mention the penis and vagina? Not necessarily. Every Rorschach plate has at least one obvious representation of sexual anatomy. You're not expected to mention them all. 2

46. Ink Blot Tests
RESULTS!
Black and red ink. Two obvious figures (black ink) facing each other. Butterfly-shaped red blot between the figures; an elongated red blot behind each figure's head. Naughty bits: penises and breasts (at anatomically appropriate positions for each figure).
This is the blot that allegedly can determine sexual preference.
A heterosexual response would be: “Seeing two male figures”.
A homosexual response would be: “Seeing two androgynous or female figures.”
Both figures have prominent "breasts" and an equally prominent "penis." If you don't volunteer the gender of the figures, you'll be asked to specify it.
Does it work? Not really - many straight people describe the figures as women, and not all homosexuals give a homosexual response. 3

47. Ink Blot Tests
RESULTS!
Black ink. A roughly triangular blot, point up, with the two lower comer regions resembling boots or pet. Naughty bits: two penises (on either side of blot, near top of triangle); vagina (on centre line near top of blot).
Good/Common Answers: “A standing figure (man, bear, gorilla).”
A Bad Answer Would Be: “To describe the figure as menacing in any way, i.e. a monster, or attacking gorilla, as this blot identifies with your perception of your father, or authority figures.” 4

48. Ink Blot Tests
RESULTS!
Black ink. A simple, batlike shape. Naughty bits: two penises (the "ears" or "antennae").
Good/Common: “Answers: Bat, Butterfly.”
Bad Answers: “Seeing the butterfly antennae as scissors or any cutting device is an indicator of a castration complex.” 
Schizophrenics occasionally see moving people in this image. Seeing crocodile heads on the ends of the bat's wings indicates hostility. Rorschach himself thought this was the easiest blot to interpret. It is a bat or a butterfly, full stop. You don't want to mention anything else. Many psychologists take particular note of the number of responses given to this plate. 5

49. Ink Blot Tests
RESULTS!
Black ink. An irregular shape like that of an animal-skin rug. Naughty bits: penis (centre line at top); vagina (below penis).
Common Answers: “animal hide, boat, submarine, mushroom cloud, men with long noses and goatees. ”
Plate VI is the most difficult blot. The best-rendered penis of all the blots is at top, but few subjects mention it. The rest of the blot doesn't look like much of anything. Some hold that the value of this blot is to have the subject grope for images and possibly reveal subconscious attitudes about sexuality. 6

50. Ink Blot Tests
RESULTS!
Black ink. A U-shaped blot, each side of the U resembling a female figure in a narrow-waisted dress. Naughty bits: a vagina (on centre line at bottom of U). Good/Common Answers:  “Two Girls, or Women.”
Bad Answers:  “Insulting descriptions of the two figures i.e. gossips, girls fighting, witches. (This blot determines the relationship you have with your mother).”
Seeing thunderclouds can indicate anxiety on your part. There is an entirely different side to this blot, but you're not supposed to see it. The white space between the girls or women can be interpreted as an oil lamp or similar object. It is claimed that only schizophrenics usually see the lamp. 7

51. Ink Blot Tests
RESULTS!
Pink, blue, grey, and orange ink. An almost circular array of interconnected forms--a grey triangle (point up) at top, a pair of blue rectangles in the centre, a pink and orange splotch at bottom, and two pink "animal" shapes forming the right and left sides of the circle. Naughty bits: a vagina (pink-orange area at bottom).
Good/Common Answers: “Four legged animals such as lions, pigs, bears, etc. on the sides. Other common responses are tree, butterfly, rib cage, Christmas tree.”
Bad/Answers: “Not seeing the four legged animals can indicate that you are mentally defective (!).”
Children tend to like this blot and say a lot about it-the bright colours and animal shapes make it more interesting than your basic penis/vagina number (II, IV, or VI). 8

52. Ink Blot Tests
RESULTS!
Green, orange, and pink ink. A very irregular upright rectangle. Orange at top, protruding green areas at centre, pink at bottom. Naughty bits: a vagina (centre line at bottom).
Good/Common Answers: “Fire, smoke, explosion, map, anatomy, flower.”
Bad Answers: “Mushroom cloud on the centre line at top can indicate paranoia. Monsters or men fighting can indicate poor social development.”
This is a tough one. There aren't many good answers here. If you're going to throw up your hands and plead a mental block, this is the place to do it. 9

53. Ink Blot Tests
RESULTS!
Pink, blue, grey, green, yellow, and orange ink. A loose assortment of brightly coloured shapes, the most chaotic of the plates. Naughty bits: penis and testes (top centre, grey ink).
Good/Common Answers: “Sea life, or a view through a microscope.  Also common: spiders, crabs, caterpillars, rabbit's head.”
Bad Answers: “Two faces at top centre blowing bubbles, or smoking pipes can indicate an oral fixation.”
The unspoken purpose of this last blot is to test your organizational ability. Plate X is full of colourful odds and ends easy to identify - blue spiders, grey crabs, paired orange maple seeds, etc - and you're expected to list them. But the psychologist will also be looking for a comprehensive answer. There are two good holistic answers: sea life and a view through a microscope. 10

54. Ink Blot Tests RESULTS! Please note that:
"A common misconception of the Rorschach test is that its interpretation is based primarily on the contents of the response - what the examinee sees in the inkblot.
In fact, the contents of the response are only a comparatively small portion of a broader cluster of variables that are used to interpret the Rorschach data." 
(Source:

55. Read pages 7-8
Highlight all the key terms

56. Psychoanalysis evaluation
Statement
Agree/
disagree?
Why?
Psychoanalysis is easy to carry out
Psychoanalysis leads to long term changes in behaviour
It is ok to ask people to relive traumatic and upsetting experiences
Psychoanalysis is effective in reducing offending
Psychoanalysis works for everyone

57. The case of Jim
Jim spent the first five years of his life in a children’s home as his alcoholic parents were judged not fit to take care of him.
Jim is 15 and has very few close friends. He spends long periods of time playing GTA on his X box. In the last few weeks, Jim has started to get in trouble with the police. He has a criminal record for vandalism after damaging a bus shelter and spraying images on the sides of buildings. These images tend to show skeletons and waves. He has also started stealing.

58. Which treatment would you use for Jim – behavioural modification or psychoanalysis?
Give 3 reasons for selecting your chosen treatment 
Behavioural – he has learnt to be criminal, he has not received appropriate rewards or punishments
Describe 5 details of how you would treat Jim using your preferred method.
Draw up a list of desired behaviours
E.g. not playing X box
Attending art classes
Speaking to a new person at the art class
Reinforce these with tokens(secondary reinforcers)
Allow him to exchange tokens for rewards e.g. Papa John’s takeaway (primary reinforcer)

59. Which treatment would you use for Jim – behavioural modification or psychoanalysis?
Give 3 reasons for selecting your chosen treatment.
Psychoanalysis – poor early childhood experiences
Maternal deprivation
Inadequate superego – did not have same sex parent to identify with
Describe 5 details of how you would treat Jim using your preferred method.
Try to access his unconscious
Dream analysis
Try to find what the images represent – skeletons-representations of family?
Rorschach inkblot test
Psychoanalysis to explore his early childhood
Psychoanalysis to explore his desire to vandalise bus shelters – what do they represent to him?