1. Blood

2. Blood = connective tissue
Extracellular matrix:
Plasma (55%)
specialized cells (45%)
(= Formed elements)
*- erythrocytes (red blood cells)
*- leukocytes (white blood cells)
*- thrombocytes (platelets)

3. Physical properties: (1) Colour: red (2) pH: 7.4 (7.35-7.45)
(3) Specific gravity:
plasma = & of RBCs =
(4) Viscosity: about 5 times as water
(5) Osmotic pressure: mmHg
= 0.9% gm NaCl = 300 milliosmol/ liter

4. Functions of Blood Transports: Regulation: Defense: Maintains
Nutrients
water content
Foreign organisms
Electrolytes pH
Injury/infection
O2 & CO2
Body temperature
Waste Products
Clotting process
Hormones
Arterial bl. pressure
Maintains
Homeostasis

5. Plasma Water about 90% Plasma proteins 7.1-7.4%
Volume: 5% of body wt. – 3.5 liter in adult 70 kgm Transports organic and inorganic molecules, formed elements, and heat
Water about 90%
Plasma proteins %
Inorganic constituents 0.9%
Other solutes % (Nutrients, hormones, waste products & enzymes

6. Plasma Proteins Albumin Globulin Fibrinogen Prothrombin - Value - M.W
3.5-5 gm%
gm%
mg %
10-15 mg %
- M.W
70.000
69.000
-Synthesis
Liver
Liver1, 2, 1, B2 types
RES   type
- Main
-Transporter
-Carrier
-Viscosity
Act as clotting
function
-Osmotic pres. regulation
-Defensive (see below)
-Bl. Clotting (factor I)
factor II

7. * Functions of plasma proteins
1) Blood clotting (haemostasis)
2) Defense (immunity)
3) Transport function
4) Regulation of body fluids
5) Regulation of plasma viscosity
6) Control of capillary permeability
7) Buffer functions
Hormones and enzymes
8) Nutritional functions
9) CO2 carriage
10) Specific functions

8. * Separation of plasma proteins:
1)Plasma ultracentrifugation
(a) Salting out technique:
2) Chemical separation:
(b) Fractional precipitation
3) Electrical separation: (electrophoresis)
* Sources of plasma proteins
1) Food proteins
2) Tissue proteins:
(a) Reserve
(b) Fixed

9. * Dynamic state of plasma proteins
Plasma proteins are continuously destroyed
and reformed in the liver in equal rate  constant level
(5-10% of albumin is destroyed & reformed/day).
* Plasmapheresis
It is experiment to study the rate of synthesis
of the plasma prot. and factors affecting it.

10. * Hypoproteinemia:
Definition: it is marked decrease in plasma proteins.
Causes: 1- Prolonged starvation
2- Malabsorption.
3- Decrease synthesis as in liver diseases (cirrhosis).
4- Increase loss as in kidney diseases (nephrosis).
5- Congenital afibrinogenaemia.
Effect: -Decrease albumin  decrease osmotic pressure  oedema.
Also oedema caused by increase capillary permeability.
- Decrease globulin  decrease immunity.
-Decrease fibrinogen & clotting factors  bleeding tendency.

11. * Albumin/globulin ratio (A/G ratio):
- It is about
- It decreases in:
(1) Liver diseases
(2) Kidney failure or nephrosis
(3) Infections

12. Differences between plasma and serum:
- Obtained by centrifugation of blood sample after adding of anticoagulant.
- Obtained by centrifugation of clotted bl. sample
- Contains plasma proteins and clotting factors
- Contains plasma proteins but no clotting factors I, II, V & VIII (consumed in bl. clotting)
- Clot on standing
- Not clot on standing
- Normal serotonin level
- Serotonin from broken platelets with blood coagulation

13. Blood volume
about 5 litres (3 L. plasma & 2 L RBCs) = 8% of body weight.
less in females and obese fatty person
Distribution
*- 55% in veins
*- 7% of the blood in the heart
*- 18% in pulmonary system
*- 15% in arteries
*- 5% in capillaries
Variations in blood volume
Blood volume increases in :
1-Physiological causes
-Pregnancy
-High altitude
-Muscular exercise
2-Pathological conditions:
- Over transfusion of blood or I.V fluids
- Polycythaemia vera
Blood volume decreases in:
- Dehydration
- Haemorrhage

14. *Measurement of blood volume
-The blood volume = plasma volume + RBCs volume
Dilution principle (Dye method)
A known amount of a test substance or dye (C1 x V1)
is injected in blood, then 10 min. are allowed for uniform
Distribution in the blood, then blood volume (V2) is
calculated from the degree of dilution of the tested substance (C2).
As C1 x V1 = C2 x V2
V2 = C1 x V1 / C2
The test substance must be:
not metabolized – non toxic – easily determined.
- does not leave the circulation to urine or tissue
The substance that used to measure plasma volume
should combine to plasma proteins as Evan’s blue dye or radio- active iodine125.

15. The substance used to measure RBCs volume
must enter the cells as isotopic chromium (Cr51)
Chromium is mixed with few cm of blood for half an hour ,
chromium which enter RBCs is determined by Geiger counter
Then the radio-active RBCs are reinjected I.V. After 10 min
blood sample is obtained and RBCs are separated and the new
chromium concentration is determined and the volume of
RBCs can be determined
Blood volume = Plasma volume x
= RBCs volume x
Isotope method
By using known amount of albumin labeled with isotopic iodine
in the dilution principle. A Gamma counter measures this amount