1. Scholarship Issues Chapter 12
Nur. 301: Issues and Ethics in Nursing

2. Scholarship Issues
Scholarship Issues face student, teachers, researcher, and clinicians from the moment of inters a nursing program.
Deal with:
Academic assignment
Research data
Research with human subject

3. Academic Honesty
Integrity in upholding the principle of veracity and fidelity
Integrity implies respect for self and others and personal commitment to principled behavior
With integrity: no need for monitoring a person’s behavior
Honesty and integrity are key considerations in both academic and clinical situations

4. Issues of Academic Honesty
Plagiarism: taking another’s ideas or work and presenting them as our own.
Cheating: dishonesty and deception regarding examinations, projects, or paper.
Forgery: include fraud or intentional misrepresentation

5. Example of plagiarism
submitting written, oral, or visual materials such paper, report, speech, or thesis that have been knowing copied or obtained in whole or part from another's work without appropriate acknowledgment
Students need to review the Code of Student Conduct of Jordan University of Science & Technology Student Handbook for plagiarism and attendance policy.

6. Cheating:
Receiving help from or giving help to another student during an exam, allowing another to copy our work, or doing work to another student that is to be submitted by student

7. Forgery:
Altering or causing a grade to be altered in an academic record or presenting false data on admission records

8. Research Issues and Ethics
The importance of research
It’s one way of documenting the efficacy of nursing practice
Both the art and science of nursing are expanded through research.
It’s important for unique nursing body of knowledge
Provides an organizing framework for nursing practice.

9. Participation in research: encourage professional growth & present some dilemmas
Nurses who work in clinical research settings must be aware of principles for the conduct of research.

10. Ethical Issues in Research
Main focus: protection human rights
Guidelines for protection of human rights:
Nuremberg Code
Declaration of Helsinki
Belmont report
Beneficence
Respect for human dignity
Justice
Read the ANA guidelines for protection of human rights. Pg. 238

11. Beneficence and participation in research
Protection from harm or discomfort, and balance between the benefits and risks.
Researchers need to design and conduct studies to protect individuals from physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, economic and social harm.
Balance the risk of harm with anticipated benefits
A minimal risk: which is no more than would be expected within routine life activities.
If risk is greater than minimal; the researcher’s aim must be to minimize risks while maximizing benefits to participants.

12. Respect of human dignity & participating in research
Full disclosure and self-determination or autonomy
Right to self-determination, autonomy of the potential participation in research
Insure that participation is voluntary and free from coercion of any type.

13. Coercion: threat of harm or penalty for not participating in the research or offering excessive rewards for participation
Right to self-determination Withdraw at any time without imposed consequences
Full disclosure: fully informed of the nature of the study, anticipated risk, benefits, time commitment, expectation, right to refuse

14. Justice and participation in research
Rights to privacy and to fair treatment
Right to privacy:
When person is the focus of research
Familiar with shared information, attitudes, behaviors
Privacy is maintained through Anonymity, Confidentiality and informed consent.

15. Anonymity: if researcher cannot link information with a particular individual
Confidentiality: assurance that information provided will not be made public or available to any one else than those involved in research process. Maintained by codes

16. Justice……….cont
The right to fair treatment is related to self-determination; equitable treatment of participants; Affected by many factors:
Selecting patient based on the research needs not on the convenience or compromised position of a group of people
Equitably distributing the risks and benefits regardless the age, gender, socioeconomic status, race, or ethnic background
Honoring any agreements made or benefits promised
Treating participants with respect
Providing access to research personnel
Treating withdrawals or declined without prejudice
Debriefings as needed to clarify issues

17. Informed consent Must includes: Voluntary participation
Research purpose
Expected commitment
Risks and benefits
Any invasion of privacy
Ways that anonymity and confidentiality will be addressed.

18. - Additional information when needed
- Should be written in common language without jargon
- Literacy level
- Participant should be mentally and emotionally competent.
The codes of federal regulations basic elements of informed consent p241

19. Vulnerable population
Includes :
1. Physically, mentally or emotionally disable
2. Children or elderly
3. Dying, sedated, or unconscious
4. Institutionalized
5. Pregnant women and fetus
They have decreased ability to give informed consent→ advocates or guarding have the decision .
Protect the person’s rights.

20. More than protection of human rights
Scientific objectivity reporting all data
Cooperation recommendation
Nobility protection participants from harm
Integrity and truthfulness in describe research process
Impeccability anonymity and confidentiality
Illumination presenting research finding
Equitability contribution of others in publication and presentation
Forthrightness disclosing funding source
Courage publicity clarifying and distortion of research finding made by others

21. Ethical treatment of data
- How the data is handled during the collection and analysis process and how the data is reported ?
- Ethical treatment of data implies integrity of research protocols and honesty in reporting finding.
Those who involved in research have access to data
In qualitative research reporting finding should be accurate .
Nurses involved in research are accountable to professional standards for reporting data.

22. Thank you for listening