1. The Manchester Model: The way forward in designing out crime?
Dr Leanne Monchuk

2. Content of presentation
What is Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)?
The delivery of CPTED
3) Brief overview of doctoral research
Case study example

3. What is CPTED?
“The proper design and effective use of the built environment, that can lead to a reduction in the fear or incidence of crime and an improvement in the quality of life” (Crowe, 2000 p. 46)
5 principles of CPTED:
Physical security
Surveillance
Movement control
Defensible space
Management & maintenance (Armitage, 2013)

4. Does it work?
Independent academic evaluations suggest that crime can be prevented through design.
Evaluation of Secured by Design in West Yorkshire (Armitage & Monchuk, 2011)
Burglary rate 75% higher in the non-SBD sample
SBD developments = less self-reported crime
SBD developments = less visual signs of disorder

5. Policy & guidance
Section 17 Crime and Disorder Act (1998) “it shall be the duty of each authority…to do all that it reasonably can to prevent crime and disorder in its area”
National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF):
should aim to ensure that developments create safe and accessible environments where crime and disorder, and the fear of crime, do not undermine quality of life or community cohesion (DCLG, 2012 p.15).
No systematic process to ensure that the police are involved in the design of new developments
This applies across police forces and within forces

6. CPTED & the planning process
Planning Application submitted to Local Authority
Planning Permission Granted or Refused
Development

7. International references to Manchester…

8. Doctoral research (PhD)
1) Examine how CPTED is delivered across Greater Manchester
Process of delivery - Crime Impact Statement (CIS)
4 case studies – CIS
Interviews with representatives from LPAs
2) Examine how CPTED is actually applied across England and Wales
Whether ALOs are able to successfully predict the nature and location of crime risk in the built environment

9. Assessing the application of CPTED
28 of the most experienced ALOs in England & Wales

10. Assessing the application of CPTED
Property crime:
Burglary dwelling
Burglary other
Vehicle crime:
Theft of motor vehicle
Theft from motor vehicle

11. Is there a skill?
Many factors may determine victimisation, but if there is a skill, prediction has to be better than chance
There is a skill (better than chance)
Former built environment professionals tended to perform better
Former built environment professionals were less risk averse

12. Case study analysis
4 residential developments tracked using ‘Diary of Activity Sheets’
Meetings
Telephone calls
Site visits
s/Letters
Planning application etc
Built and resided in
Police recorded crime data (May 2012 – May 2014)

13. Case study example
12 two-bedroomed flats, 12 car parking spaces and landscaping
Site was an open green space
Two sides of the development abutted the public highway and two sides were adjacent to existing housing (semi-detached and terraced housing)
Housing association
High crime area (criminal damage & burglary)

14. Case study example Layout of development Entrances to rear
Lack of habitable rooms to side
Concerns about lack of surveillance over entrances and car parking area

15. Case study example Plan amended to ensure that:
all main entrances were accessed off the main road
additional windows had been incorporated to increase levels of surveillance

16. Management & Maintenance
Case study example
CPTED principle
Recommendations
Action?
Defensible space
Some form of defensible space at front of development.
Space demarcated through the use of fencing & planting.
Side & rear boundaries of the development should clearly demarcated.
2100mm fencing erected to the side of the development & 1800mm high fencing to the rear.
Additional 300mm of trellis was not installed.
Management & Maintenance
Landscaping well maintained & automatic gates checked regularly.
Policy unknown.

17. Case study example
During period of analysis 1 criminal damage (other) recorded.
The modus operandi states young people accessed communal garden area and have defaced the communal washing line.
2,100 individual properties / 635 recorded calls for service.
Less serious wounding; burglary; criminal damage and theft.

18. Key points…
Research confirms that opportunities for crime and disorder can be reduced through the design of the built environment
No burglary dwelling or burglary other was recorded at any of the four developments during the period of analysis
Manchester model atypical
Consider CPTED early in the process
Evolving - wanting to improve service delivered

19. Thank you Dr Leanne Monchuk +44 (0)1484 472670 l.y.monchuk@hud.ac.uk