1. Introductory Visualizing Technology
Sixth Edition
Chapter 11
Databases
Welcome to Chapter 11 of Visualizing Technology, sixth edition, by Debra Geoghan. This chapter discusses databases.

2. Learning Objectives 11.1 Identify the Parts of a Database
11.2 Compare the Four Types of Databases
11.3 Explain Database Management Systems
11.4 Discuss Important Types of Information Systems
11.5 List Examples of Databases Used in Law Enforcement and Research
Chapter Eleven objectives are:
Identify the Parts of a Database
Compare the Four Types of Databases
Explain Database Management Systems
Discuss Important Types of Information Systems
List Examples of Databases Used in Law Enforcement and Research
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3. Identify the Parts of a Database
Learning Objective 11.1
Identify the Parts of a Database

4. Identify the Parts of a Database
Objective 1 identifies the parts of a database.
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5. Database Basics – Tables, Fields, and Records (1 of 2)
Collection of information
Organized in a useful way
Database records are organized into tables
A database is a collection of information that is organized in a useful way. Database records are organized into one or more tables. The parts of a database are tables, fields, and records.
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6. Database Basics – Tables, Fields, and Records (2 of 2)
Database object
Data arranged in rows and columns
Record
Row of data
Describes a particular entry
Field
Single piece of information in a record
Primary key a special field that uniquely identifies a record
A table is a database object where data are stored and arranged in rows and columns.
A record is a row of data in a database that describes a particular entry in the database.
A field is a single piece of information in a record in a database. The field that contains a unique identifier for each record is called the primary key.
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7. Database Basics – Forms, Queries, and Reports
Enter data and display information
Easy-to-read layout
Query
Retrieves specific data from one or more tables
Report
Displays the data from a table or a query
Easy-to-read and -print format
A table contains all the data, but other database objects are used to manage the information. A form is a database object that makes it easier to enter a new record into a database. A query is a database object that retrieves specific data from one or more tables to answer a question. A report is a database object that displays the data from a table or a query in an easy-to-read-and-print format.
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8. Compare the Four Types of Databases
Learning Objective 11.2
Compare the Four Types of Databases

9. Compare the Four Types of Databases
Objective 2 compares the four types of databases.
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10. A Database for Every Purpose – Flat Databases
Simplest type
Consists of a single list of items
Can be a list or a table in a document or spreadsheet
Shopping list
To-do list
A flat database, which consists of a single list of items, is the simplest type of database. It can be a list or table in a document or spreadsheet. Examples include a shopping list, a to-do list, or a list of homework assignments.
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11. A Database for Every Purpose – Relational Databases (1 of 2)
Most common type
Multiple tables or relations
Related by common information
Reduces data redundancy
A relational database, the most common type of database, consists of multiple tables or relations that are related by common information. This reduces data redundancy.
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12. A Database for Every Purpose – Relational Databases (2 of 2)
Types of relationships
One-to-many – a single record in one table links to multiple records in another table
One-to-one – a single record in one table links to a single record in another table
Many-to-many – multiple records in one table can link to multiple records in another table
There are three types of relationships in a database: one-to-many, one-to-one, and many-to-many.
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13. A Database for Every Purpose – Object-Oriented Databases
Data stored as objects
Used by modern programming languages
C++
Java
Used for more complicated types of data
Images
Video
Audio
An object-oriented database is a type of database in which data are stored as objects, which are used by modern programming languages, such as C++ and Java. Often, these are used to create databases that have more complicated types of data such as images, video, and audio.
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14. A Database for Every Purpose – Multidimensional Databases (1 of 2)
Optimized for storing and utilizing data
Can be created using input from existing relational databases
Structure information as multidimensional data cubes
A multidimensional database is a database optimized for storing and utilizing data. It can be created using input from existing relational databases, but it structures the information into multidimensional data cubes.
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15. A Database for Every Purpose – Multidimensional Databases (2 of 2)
Data warehouse
Central repository for all data that an enterprise uses
Data mining
Discovering relationships between data items
Online analytical processing (OLAP)
Enables users to selectively extract and view data from different points of view
Multidimensional databases are ideal for use with data warehouses, data mining, and online analytical processing (OLAP) applications. They enable users to selectively extract and view data from different points of view.
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16. Explain Database Management Systems
Learning Objective 11.3
Explain Database Management Systems

17. Explain Database Management Systems
Objective 3 explains database management systems.
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18. The Tools of the Trade – Creating a Database (1 of 2)
A database management system (DMS) is software used to create and manage data in a database
Microsoft Access
MySQL
Microsoft SQL Server
Oracle
FileMaker Pro
A database management system (DBMS) is the software used to create and manage the data in a database. Microsoft Access, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, and FileMaker Pro are all examples of database management systems.
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19. The Tools of the Trade – Creating a Database (2 of 2)
Data dictionary
Defines data fields and types of data
Data type
Defines the kind of data to enter into a field
Data normalization
Reduces data redundancy
Reduces the size of the database
Easier to keep records up-to-date
Increases query speed
To create a database, start by creating a data dictionary that defines the fields and the data type each field contains. The next step is to normalize the data. This step eliminates data redundancy. Use data validation rules to reduce data entry errors. Once the database has been designed, data can be entered. If you need to locate data with common fields, create a query using a query language. In the final step, create and print a report.
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20. The Tools of the Trade – Data Validation
Reduces data entry errors
Prevents user from entering wrong type of information
Data validation reduces data entry errors by using validation rules, such as data type, data length, acceptable values, and required fields. Specifying the data type, such as text, number, or currency, prevents a user from entering the wrong type of information into a field.
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21. The Tools of the Trade – Structured Query Language (SQL)
A query language is used to ask questions in a database
Structured Query Language (SQL) is the query language used in most DBMSs today
SQL statements use relational keywords
SELECT
WHERE
FROM
AND
SQL is the most common query language used to create database queries. SQL statements use relational keywords: SELECT, WHERE, FROM, and AND. Ordinary users don’t need to be able to write complex SQL statements, but it is helpful to be able to understand them.
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22. The Tools of the Trade – Output
A DBMS is used to create reports, such as this future expenses report, based on the information in tables or queries. A report is both easy to read and easy to print.
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23. Discuss Important Types of Information Systems
Learning Objective 11.4
Discuss Important Types of Information Systems

24. Discuss Important Types of Information Systems
Objective 4 discusses important types of information systems.
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25. Data In … Information Out – Office Support Systems (OSS)
Also called office automation systems
Software and hardware that improve productivity of employees
Automate common tasks
Microsoft Office
Office support systems (OSS), also called office automation systems, include software and hardware that improve the productivity of employees by automating common tasks such as the exchange of information and management of documents.
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26. Data In … Information Out – Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Link multiple operations that make up a transaction
Ensures all operations in transaction are completed without error
Must pass the ACID test
Atomicity
Consistency
Isolation
Durability
Example: paying tuition bill
A transaction processing system (TPS) is an information system that links multiple operations that make up a transaction and ensures all operations in a transaction are completed without error. A TPS must pass the ACID test: atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability.
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27. Data In … Information Out – Management Information Systems (MIS)
Include:
Software
Hardware
Data resources
Decision support systems
People
Project management applications
Generate reports
Create “what if” simulations
Example: HR manager could use an MIS for hiring
A management information system (MIS) is an information system that includes software, hardware, data resources, decision support systems, people, and project management applications. An MIS has two important functions: generating reports and creating simulations of hypothetical scenarios that answer “what if” questions. MISs are typically used by midlevel managers.
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28. Data In … Information Out – Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Help make decisions when there is uncertainty about outcomes
Example: local business wanting to expand
A decision support system (DSS) is an information system designed to help make decisions where there is uncertainty about the outcomes. An example is a local business wanting to expand nationally and analyzing the profitability of doing so.
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29. Data In … Information Out – Business Intelligence (BI) and Big Data
People, hardware, and software that support data- intensive applications
Data mining
Data warehousing
OLAP
DSSs
Big data
Simply means the collection of large amounts of data from multiple sources
Business Intelligence (BI) tools are applications that are used to analyze data in information systems to help make decisions. BI applications include data mining, data warehousing, OLAP, and decision support systems.
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30. Data In … Information Out – Expert Systems and Artificial Intelligence
Branch of science concerned with making computers behave like humans
Expert system
Programmed to make decisions in real-life situations
Knowledge base: expert knowledge
Inference engine: set of rules
Example
Chess program Deep Blue
Diagnosing diseases
Artificial intelligence is the branch of science concerned with making computers behave like humans.
An expert system, an information system programmed to make decisions in real-life situations, simulates the judgment and behavior of a human expert. It consists of two parts: a knowledge base and an inference engine. A knowledge base contains expert knowledge. An inference engine is a set of rules. An example of an expert system is diagnosing diseases based on symptoms.
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31. List Examples of Databases Used in Law Enforcement and Research
Learning Objective 11.5
List Examples of Databases Used in Law Enforcement and Research

32. List Examples of Databases Used in Law Enforcement and Research
Objective 5 lists examples of databases used in law enforcement and research.
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33. Real-World Databases – Law Enforcement (1 of 2)
Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS)
Largest criminal and civil biometric database
Maintained by FBI
Used by local and federal law enforcement
Fingerprints, mug shots, criminal histories, physical characteristics
The Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) is the largest criminal and civil biometric database. IAFIS is a national fingerprint and criminal history system maintained by the FBI and used by local and federal law enforcement.
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34. Real-World Databases – Law Enforcement (2 of 2)
Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)
Contains DNA profiles
Five indices
Forensic
Arrestee
Detainee
Offender
Missing Persons
Many industries rely on databases for critical information. Law enforcement uses powerful databases.
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35. Real-World Databases – Science (1 of 2)
Human Genome Project (HGP)
U.S. Department of Energy
National Institutes of Health
Ran from 1990 to 2003
Data is used for:
New technologies
Agriculture
Energy production
Environmental science
Medical research
The Human Genome Project (HGP), which ran from 1990 to 2003, was a project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. When the project began, the technology to store and analyze data did not exist and the field of bioinformatics was born. The data collected and analyzed from the project are being used in the development of new technologies, agriculture, energy production, environmental science, and medical research.
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36. Real-World Databases – Science (2 of 2)
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Combine layers of geographical reference information about the Earth’s surface
Eight primary layers
Aerial photographs
Elevation
Geographic names
Hydrography
Boundaries
Transportation
Structures
Land cover
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) combine layers or data sets of geographical reference information about the Earth’s surface. The U.S. Geological Survey has created the National Map, which is available to the public on the web at nationalmap.gov. The National Map includes eight primary layers: aerial photographs, elevation, geographic names, hydrography, boundaries, transportation, structures, and land cover. Municipalities use GIS to design emergency routes, locate waste management facilities, and plan future developments.
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37. Questions
Are there any questions?

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