1. PSYCHOLOGY ROCKS Why did you take this class?
What do you hope to get from this class?

2. Objective
I will be able to APPLY the concepts learned about psychology’s history and research method’s in group activities, individual assignments and on tests

3. Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology

4. What is Psychology?

5. What is Psychology?
The science of behavior and mental processes. What are behaviors? What are mental processess?

6. What is Psychology Behaviors Mental Processes
Any action we can record and observe:
Yelling
Smiling
Blinking
Talking
Questionnaire marking
Sweating
Kissing
Sensations
Perceptions
Dreams
Thoughts
Beliefs
Feeling

7. Let’s Dance

8. Why are some people good dancers? Why are some people “bad’ dancers?

9. Psychologies Biggest Question?????
Nature
Nurture
To what does nature refer?
To what does nurture refer ?

10. From Speculation to Science: How Psychology Developed
Prior to 1879
Physiology and philosophy scholars study questions about the mind:
Are people’s perceptions of the world an accurate reality?
How do the mind and body interact?
Prior to 1879 psychology did not exist as an independent field of study
Psychological questions arose on a secondary basis in the fields of Physiology and Philosophy
Wilhelm Wundt campaigned to make psychology an independent discipline
Brought the scientific methods of physiology to bear on philosophical questions
Developed the first laboratory in psychology at the University of Leipzig in 1879

11. From Speculation to Science: How Psychology Developed
*Wilhelm Wundt ( ) University of Leipzig,* Germany
Worked to make psychology an independent discipline
*Established first laboratory for study of psychology in 1879
*Psychology was born-Father of Psychology

12. Wundt

13. Wilhelm Wundt’s International Influence
Leipzig-place to study psychology
Graduates of Wundt’s program set up new labs across Europe and North America
*G. Stanley Hall ( ), Johns Hopkins University
*Established the first psychology laboratory in the U.S. in 1883
Between 1883 and 1893, 24 new laboratories in North America
Many young scholars came to Leipzig to study under Wundt
Wundt’s students, trained in the scientific study of the mind, dispersed across Germany and America
The first research lab in the U.S. was established by G. Stanley Hall ( ) (who studied under Wundt briefly) at John’s Hopkins University
Between 1883 and 1893, 24 new psychological laboratories sprang up in the U.S. and Canada
While psychology was born in Germany, its period of largest growth began in the United States

14. For Wundt
Psychology became the scientific study of conscious experience (things that we were aware of)

15. Figure 1.1 Early Research Laboratories in North America

16. Psychology Enters a period of Turmoil

17. Edward Titchener
Structuralism

18. The Battle of the “Schools” in the U. S. : Structuralism vs
The Battle of the “Schools” in the U.S.: Structuralism vs. Functionalism
Structuralism – Edward Titchener, from England, earned degree under Wundt -brought own version of Wundt’s psychology to US, taught at Cornell U.
Analyze consciousness into basic elements: relied on introspection to do this
1. *Introspection – careful observations of one’s own conscious experience-subjects exposed to auditory tones, optical illusions and stimuli that the subjects needed to analyze
Two intellectual schools of thought regarding the science of psychology fought it out in the academic arena, with the fight led by Edward Titchener in the STRUCTURALISM corner and William James in the FUNCTIONALISM corner.
The structuralists believed that psychology should be about analyzing consciousness into its basic elements, just as physicists were studying how matter was made up of basic particles…to do this, Titchener and his followers relied on introspection, a process by which a person makes careful, systematic self-observations of one’s own conscious experience.
The functionalists thought this missed the point. James and his followers thought psychology should be about investigating the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure.

19. The Battle of the “Schools” in the U. S. : Structuralism vs
The Battle of the “Schools” in the U.S.: Structuralism vs. Functionalism
Functionalism – William James (MD who didn’t find medicine challenging)
Investigated function of consciousness (sensation, memory , reasoning-what does it do in real life situations) rather than its structure
He wrote The Principles of Psychology (1890-study of the mind, sensation, memory and reason)

20. William James
*James argued consciousness consisted of a continuous flow of thoughts and not different elements. Structuralism went to the laboratory while functionalists focused on how people adapt their behavior to real world demands

21. Related Theory To Functioanalism at the Time
Gestalt Psychology= whole of anything (human mind/behaviors) is greater than its individual parts/the sum of its parts-
Max Wertheimer

22. Female Key Figures
1. Mary Calkins-Denied a PHD by Harvard-but studied there; First female APA President
2. Washburn – First Female Psych. PHD
3. Dorthia Dix- Reformer of mental institutions and improved treatment of mentally ill

23. What Is Your Perspective (viewpoint) on the Below Situation?
Mario is seventeen and a junior at Everglades HS. His main interest is girls and getting their phone numbers. When he gets those “digits',” his father high fives him and says, “that’s my boy.” He also gets jealous when his girlfriend talks to other guys. Mario also can’t seem to focus and always needs to get up in class and walk around.
Why does he behave these ways?
Write it down?

24. 1. Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic 2. Behavioral 3. Humanism 4. Cognitive
After Structuralism and Functionalism, Eight Perspectives (also called approaches)Develop as part of Psychology:
1. Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic
2. Behavioral
3. Humanism
4. Cognitive
5. Biological/biomedical
6. Evolutionary
7. Socio-cultural/Cultural/Social Learning Theory
8. Biopsychosocial All are varying ways to explain behaviors

25. Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic Perspective

26. Repressed= painful memories block
1. Psychoanalytic Perspective: Sigmund Freud and the Concept of the Unconscious Mind
*Sigmund Freud ( ): Austria-medical doctor -treated mental disorders: irrational fears, anxieties and obsessions
Emphasis on unconscious processes and repressed childhood experiences a BIG influencing behavior, personality, motivation and mental disorders
Unconscious = outside awareness (thoughts and desires-especially sex and anger)
Repressed= painful memories block
Freud was an Austrian physician who founded psychoanalytic psychology
His work with people with psychological problems led him to believe that people are influenced by unconscious forces…that is, thoughts, memories, and desires that are outside conscious awareness

27. Freud’s Ideas: Controversy and Influence
He had big influence on the field of psychology .
First to do therapy (on women with Conversion Disorders).
Freud=father of therapy
Freud believed that unconscious conflict, particularly with regard to sexual urges, plays a central role in behavior.
This was scandalous and offensive for several reasons…first, if we are influenced by forces we are not aware of, how can we be masters of our own minds? Where does free will come in? Second, in an era of sexual repression, the emphasis on sexuality was quite upsetting to many people.The controversial nature of Freud’s ideas caused great resistance in the field of psychology, and his ideas were not well received among academic circles.
Despite of (or maybe even because of) the controversy, Freud’s ideas moved into the main stream, influencing thought in psychology, medicine, art, and literature.

28. 2. Behaviorism/Learning Perspective
John B. Watson ( ): United States
Founder of Behaviorism
Behavior = only looked at overt, observable responses or behaviors
psychology as a science of observable behavior
Study of consciousness abandoned
no introspection
Behaviors result because they are rewarded or punished
John B. Watson ( ) founded the behaviorist school of thought
Basic tenet: Only observable behavior should be studied in scientific psychology
Behavior, according to Watson, refers to an observable or overt response or activity of an organism
Watson’s ideas radically changed the landscape of psychology
Give up consciousness and have a science of behavior

29. Behaviorism- alters psychologies course
John B. Watson
Behaviorism- alters psychologies course

30. Just what are observable behaviors?

31. Who is in control of how you behave?

33. John Watson and the Nature-Nurture Debate
Nurture, not nature
“give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar-man and thief…”
*Behaviorist emphasized the environment (nurture), and how environment (my family, friends, coworkers, etc…) influences behavior
Focus on stimulus-response relationships: you act jealous, I coddle you to assure you, that rewards your jealousy and causes it to reoccur
Watson not only proposed a fundamental change in the focus of psychology, but he also took a strong stand on one of the oldest questions in psychology…are we who we are because of nature or nurture?
Watson argued strongly for nurture: famous quote…while this really oversimplified his stance, his writings did contribute to the strong environmental slant associated with the behaviorist school of thought
In addition, the focus of behavioral psychology was on the relationship between stimuli in the environment and the responses of the organism…S-R psychology…clearly putting emphasis on the environment, or nurture, in behavior

34. *BF Skinner copy all
(People in) our Environment shape our behaviors
*Responses that lead to positive outcomes are repeated
*Responses that lead to negative outcomes are not repeated

35. *BF Skinner 1904-1990 He felt free will was an illusion.
worked with rats and pigeons
showed could have control over their behavior by manipulating the outcome of their responses.
felt People controlled by their environment, not by themselves

36. 3. The 1950’s: Opposition to Psychoanalytic Theory and Behaviorism
Both perspectives de-humanizing
So emerged - Humanism
Led by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Emphasis on the unique qualities of humans: freedom to make choices and for personal growth and the ability to change; when I realize my value/self worth, my behaviors change
While Behaviorism and Psychoanalytic theory dominated mainstream psychology, many people had a hard time believing that people are not masters of their own fate.
The anti-Freud/Skinner crowd formed a loose alliance that eventually became a new school of thought…humanism…led by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Humanism focused on the unique qualities of humans, especially free will and the potential for personal growth…a very optimistic view of human nature as opposed to the psychoanalysts or behaviorists.

37. 3. HUMANISM
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers

38. 4. The Return of Cognition
Cognition/Cognitive Perspective = refers to mental processes such as problem solving or thought processes. Negative behaviors are result of how I interpret (the spin I put on why they happen) events in my life
Memory
Thinking
Problem solving
processing
Cognition involves thinking or conscious experience…the dominance of behaviorist thought significantly decreased with the advent of cognitive psychology.
Theorists such as Jean Piaget – who studied the development of cognition, Noam Chomsky – who studied the psychological underpinnings of language, and Herbert Simon and colleagues – who studied problem solving, paved a new path in psychology by using scientific methods (way beyond introspection) for studying cognitive processes.
Some researchers argue that cognitive psychology is now the dominant perspective in psychology.

39. Cognitive Perspective
Internal mental events (Our mental images and how we interpret situations) affects how we behave and react

40. Ex, I want a boyfriend or girlfriend due to hormones (Testosterone)
5. Biological /Biomedical Perspective: The Biological Basis of Behavior
behavior explained in terms of physiological/biochemical processes-Ex, I flee a situation because chemicals are released that make me feel fear
Ex, I want a boyfriend or girlfriend due to hormones (Testosterone)
Biological psychologists are interested in interrelations among mind, body, and behavior.
Advocates of the biological perspective maintain that much of human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of the physiological processes that underlie the behavior.
James Olds, in the 50’s, demonstrated that animals could be made to experience emotions, such as pleasure and rage, through brain stimulation.
Roger Sperry, in the 80’s, demonstrated that the left and right halves of the brain have specialized functions and each handle different types of mental tasks.

41. 6. Evolutionary Psychology (Charles Darwin-survival of the fittest): Human Adaptations
-We act the way we do to ensure reproductive success, future generations, and survival. I am high achiever because it makes me more attractive to mate/enhances my family’s survival-this skill was passed to me.
jealousy, aggression, sexual behavior, language, decision making, ensure survival and are passed on
The basic idea behind evolutionary psychology was not new; James and the functionalists were influenced by Darwin. The 60’s and 70’s brought breakthroughs in evolutionary biology that began to impact psychology in the late 80’s.
David Buss, Martin Daly, Margo Wilson, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby led the new evolutionary psychology movement.
The above researchers met at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in the late 90’s to set an ambitious research agenda for evolutionary psychology.
Basically gave life to the first new theoretical perspective in psychology.
While the perspective is gaining in influence, many critics hold that the theory is untestable and based on post hoc accounts for obvious behavioral phenomena.

42. 7. Sociocultural/Cultural/Social Learning Perspective:
One’s cultural expectations, rules and customs determines one’s behavior-through imitation
8. Bio/psycho/social Approach (current view of behavior):
Interaction of three determine behavior, say depression: 1. body’s functioning such as brain, chemical, or hormones
2. psychological functioning such as how I cope with and interpret life events 3.environmental/social events (culture, divorce, family death, being abused, etc…

43. Human Factor Psychology (aka ergonomics)
Other Stuff
Human Factor Psychology (aka ergonomics)
Researching and designing “user friendly” items (ex. computer programs, packaging, steering wheal buttons-say for volume control, etc…)

44. Figure 1.7 Employment of psychologists by setting

45. Figure 1.8 Major research areas in contemporary psychology

46. Figure 1.9 Principal professional specialties in contemporary psychology

47. Cultural Psychology:
Ethnocentrism – viewing one’s own group as superior and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways
Historically: middle and upper class white males studying middle and upper class white males
The vast majority of psychological research seeking to identify general principles of behavior that could be applied to all of humanity has been conducted in the United States, by white middle and upper class males studying white middle and upper class males. Little attention was paid, historically, to how this research might apply to non-Western cultures, ethnic minorities, or women.
In the late 80’s, however, a movement toward incorporating cultural factors into research and theory emerged…this was in part due to sociopolitical forces (civil rights movement, women’s movement, etc.), but most notably to the advances in international communication and increased global interdependence, as well as the increasingly diverse multicultural make-up of the Western world.