1. ORGANIC FUELS
HYDROCARBONS
CHAPTER 15

2. The Need for Energy Energy Basics: Ex:
Energy can not be created or destroyed.
Energy can change from one form to another (Ex: light to heat).
Ex:
Sun’s energy (heat/light) is converted by grass (photosynthesis) to chemical energy
Cows eat the grass and convert grass to chemical (body functions) and mechanical (body movement) energy

3. Energy Basics Fuel – any substance from which energy can be obtained.
Electricity is the only form of energy that is not naturally occurring (lightning is the exception)
Energy changing from one form to another is not 100% efficient – some energy is always lost as either heat or light

4. Organic Fuels Carbon-based (C)
Most fuels are Hydrocarbons (composed of Carbon and Hydrogen – CH)
Simplest:
Methane CH4
Ethane C2 H6
Octane C8H18

5. Organic Fuels
Numbers on gas pumps (87, 90) are based on the energy available in that gasoline formula.
Hydrocarbons also contain other compounds (impurities) like sulfur, lead.
Fossil-fuels from remains of long-dead organisms include: coal, oil and natural gas

6. Coal
Organic material like prehistoric plants died, were covered with many layers of dirt, compressed into a liquid (oil) and then a solid (coal).
Four stages of coal formation: peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite coal.

7. Peat
Brittle, brown, compacted plant material with high water content and low carbon content
First stage in coal formation
Found close to surface of Earth
Burns quickly, gives off lots of smoke

8. Lignite Soft , brown coal that has 40% carbon content
Second stage of coal formation
Burns quickly but give off very little smoke
Found below the Earth’s surface and must be mined

9. Bituminous Coal Soft coal located deep within the Earth’s crust.
Formed over time from lignite with increased heat and pressure
Deep inside the Earth’s crust
Most common coal mined in the United States

10. Anthracite Coal
Bituminous coal, subject to increased pressure over time turns into metamorphic rock coal
Shiny black color
Located deepest in the Earth’s crust
Lowest water content – highest carbon
Burns hottest and cleanest
Hardest to reach
Most expensive

11. AKA crude oil, a fossil fuel Its 2/3 of the world’s energy
petroleum
AKA crude oil, a fossil fuel
Its 2/3 of the world’s energy
Supplies are limited
Millions of Uses

12. PETROLEUM COMES FROM THE LATIN, petra = rock and oleum = oil.
Three basic forms
liquid – crude oil
solid – bitumen
gas – natural gas
Developed by intense heat and pressure of ancient plants and animals
Liquid sinks through layers of rock to form under-ground reservoirs of oil

13. Petroleum History 2000 BC – Chinese refined crude oil for lamps
1859 – Edwin Drake drilled the first US oil well, Titusville, PA
1890’s – Invention of automobile increases demand for gasoline
1960’s – OPEC was formed by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela
1973 – Arab Oil Embargo caused oil crisis in US and Holland
1993 – First time US imports more oil than it produces

14. TOP-TEN OIL PRODUCERS 10 United Arab Emirates 9 Venezuela
2.8 million barrels per day
9 Venezuela
2.9 million barrels per day
8 Canada
3.1 million barrels per day
7 Norway
3.2 million barrels per day
6 China
3.6 million barrels per day
5 Mexico
3.8 million barrels per day
4 Iran
4 million barrels per day
3 United States
8.7 million barrels per day
2 Russia
9.3 million barrels per day
#1 Saudi Arabia
10.4 million barrels per day

15. TOP-TEN OIL CONSUMERS 10 Mexico + France 9 South Korea 8 Brazil
2 million barrels per day
9 South Korea
2.1 million barrels per day
8 Brazil
2.2 million barrels per day
7 Canada
2.3 million barrels per day
6 India
5 Russia
2.6 million barrels per day
4 Germany
3 Japan
5.4 million barrels per day
2 China
6.5 million barrels per day
1 United States
20.7 million barrels per day

16. WHAT’S OIL GOT TO DO WITH IT?
Uses include:
Gasoline (46%)
Heating oil (27%)
Jet fuel (7%)
Blacktop (4%)
Kerosene (2%
Inks, crayons, bubble gum, detergents, furniture polish, deodorant, medicine, packaging, fertilizers, insecticides, plastics (10%)

17. OIL SUPPLY More than 5,000 oil/gas drilling companies in the world
Major oil fields are on: North America, South America, Europe, Africa and Asia

18. Major Oil-shale Deposits in the U.S.

19. Petroleum Trapped by nonporous
rock
Not a renewable
resource
Often has natural gas
trapped in the same
layers as the oil
Plants and animal remains in shallow seas from millions of years ago
Under intense pressure formed syrupy liquid
Liquid seeped through sedimentary rock

20. Natural Gas Mixture of gases:
Methane, ethane, propane, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and helium
Forms the same way as oil and is often found in the same area as oil

21. Other Organic Fuels Two Problems with fossil fuels: 1. Availability:
Nonrenewable
Easiest to reach already used
2. Pollution:
Exploration causes
environmental damage, mining accidents
Burning fuels causes acid rain, increased CO2 in the atmosphere

22. Biomass Fuels: WOOD Biomass fuel; formed from living organisms
PLUS - Trees are a renewable resource.
MINUS – getting wood can damage forests, burning wood releases high amounts of CO2

23. Biomass Fuels: GARBAGE
Garbage made in most homes is mostly organic.
The organic parts of household waste can be used as organic fuel.
Many towns and cities burn garbage to produce electricity
PLUS – readily available supply.
MINUS - smell, expensive to build conversion plants, NIMBY