1. MACROMOLECULE

2. What do these words mean?
Micro
MACRO

3. "Poly"
Polygons
Polyester
Polygamy
Means...

4. MANY
POLY means

5. What is Macromolecules
Many biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids are very large, consisting of thousands of atoms. Such giant molecules are known as macromolecules.
Most macromolecules are polymers, produced by linking small organic compounds called monomers

6. ORGANIC MOLECULES
Organic compounds are carbon compounds that occur naturally only in the bodies of living organisms.

7. ORGANIC MOLECULES
Organic compounds almost always contain hydrogen and oxygen and usually contain nitrogen.
They may also contain phosphorus and sulfur.
Produced only by living (organic) organisms.

8. ORGANIC MOLECULES
-Some organic compounds are used as given energy. Such as Carbohydrate, lipid, and protein.
Some organic compounds are used as structural material. Such as protein, carbohydrate, and lipid.
Some organic compounds are used as regulator. Such as protein and vitamins.

9. Inorganic Compounds
Living organisms also contain inorganic compounds ( all compounds that are not organic).
Inorganic compounds do not usually contain carbon. (co2 is exception.)
Some common inorganic compounds in organisms are water, carbon dioxide, various salts, and inorganic bases and acids.

10. FOOD MOLECULES INORGANIC MOLECULES Carbohydrates Water Lipids Gases
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Vitamins
Enzymes
INORGANIC MOLECULES
Water
Gases
Salt and minerals

11. PROPERTIES: Carbo= Carbon Hydrate= Water = water of carbon.
CARBOHYDRATES
PROPERTIES:
Carbo= Carbon
Hydrate= Water
= water of carbon.

12. Properties All living cell contain carbohydrate.
Carbohydrates are made up of carbon(C),Hydrogen(H),and Oxygen(O). In ratio of 1 C to 2H to 1O (C 2H O ).
Carbohydrates are synthesized by the plants at end of photosynthesis. But animals can not synthesize carbohydrate.

13. CARBOHYDRATES
WHAT DO THEY DO?

14. Functions:
They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel!
They participate in the structure of the plasma membrane.
They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose.

15. CARBOHYDRATES
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?

16. COOKIES and CANDY
CAKES
FRUITS
Simple Sugars

17. Complex Carbohydrates
WHOLE GRAINS
FIBER
STARCHES
BREADS
PASTAS
VEGETABLES

18. TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
There are 3 types of carbohydrates according to the number of sugar.
Monosaccharides (single sugar)
Disaccharides(double sugar)
Polysaccharides (many sugar)

19. Monosaccharides (single sugar)
Are simplest carbohytrates(sugars).
Monosaccharides are named according to number of carbon atoms.
For example: 3C is named as trioz
4C is named tetroz, 5C = Pentose, 6C= hexose
The most important monosaccharaides are pentoses and hexoses.

20. PENTOSE SUGAR Pentose sugars have 5 carbon atoms.
They participate in the structure of nucleic acids.
EX:Ribose and Deoxyribose

21. HEXOSE SUGAR Glucose, Fructose and Galactose
Hexose sugars have 6 carbon atoms
They are used in energy production.
EX:
Glucose, Fructose and Galactose

22. Monosaccharide
GLUCOSE (Grape sugar)

23. CARBOHYDRATES
MADE UP OF...
Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of carbohydrates is…
GLUCOSE

24. The shape of Glucose is a hexagonal ring

25. Monosaccharides, particularly glucose, are a major fuel for cellular work.
They also function as the raw material for the synthesis of other monomers, including those of amino acids and fatty acids.
Fig. 5.4

26. GLUCOSE
Plants produce glucose during the photosynthesis.
The level of glucose within human blood normally remains constan,however its excess or deficiency results in the disorder known as diabetes mellitus

27. Amount of glucose is controlled by hormone in human blood.

28. Benedic solution is indicator of glucose.
Glucose + Benedic Solution
Heat
Red color

29. DISACCHARIDES Disaccharides are double sugars.
Two monosaccharides chemically combine to form disaccharide .
Two monosaccharides can join with a glycosidic linkage to form a dissaccharide via dehydration.

30. Glycosidic linkage

31. TYPES OF DISACCHARIDES
There are 3 types of disaccharides. These are;
Maltose =Malt sugar
Sucrose =Table sugar
Lactose= Milk sugar

32. GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE
MALTOSE + H2O
GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE
LACTOSE + H2O
GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE
SUCROSE + H2O

33. STRUCTURES OF CARBOHYDRATES
DISACCHARIDES
*In dehydration synthesis two simple
molecules bond together to form a more
complex molecule,with the releasing of water.

34. During the formation of disaccharide one molecule water is released
During the formation of disaccharide one molecule water is released. This type of reaction is called dehydration.
The reverse of dehydration is hydrolysis. In this reaction water molecules are added to reaction.
MALTOSE + H2O
GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE

35. Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Lactose (glucose+galactose)
Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose

36. POLYSACCHARIDES

37. Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
Chitin (exoskeleton of insects)
glucose
cellulose

38. POLYSACCHARIDES
Simple sugars can be joined together by dehydration synthesis to form polysaccharides.
Polysaccharides are long chain of glucose.
There are glycosidic bond among of monosaccharides.

39. Starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin are examples of polysaccharide.
Starch: It is found only in plants. Iodine or lugol are indicators of starch.
Glycogen: It is found certain animal cells. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscle.
Cellulose: It participates in the structure of plant cell.

40. LIPIDS

41. Each lipid is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
LIPIDS
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each lipid is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK: “CHO”

42. LIPIDS
Properties :
They are soluble in alcohol and ether but not in water.
Lipids are secondary source of energy for organisms. They release twice the energy produced by protein and carbohydrates.

43. They give more energy than carbohyrates and proteins.
LIPIDS
Properties :
They give more energy than carbohyrates and proteins.
They participate in the structure of cell membrane
They are found in the structure of some hormones and works as chemical messengers.
They serve as protective of the organs surrounded by lipids.
They serve as regulator of the body head .

44. copyright cmassengale
LIPIDS
Six functions of lipids:
1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against heat loss (insulation)
3. Protection against physical shock
4. Protection against water loss
5. Chemical messengers (hormones)
6. Major component of membranes (phospholipids)
copyright cmassengale

45. LIPIDS In plants- in the seeds
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
In plants- in the seeds
In animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue, in animals
Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells.

46. LIPIDS
OILS
BUTTER
MARGARINE

47. copyright cmassengale
Lipids
composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H
H-C----O
glycerol O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
fatty acids O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
copyright cmassengale

48. Fatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acids Saturated fatty acids
2. Unsaturated fatty acids

49. LIPIDS Saturated Fatty Acids have no double bonds and are saturated with hydrogen Unsaturated Fatty Acids have double bonds.

50. Classification of Lipids
Simple Lipids Neutral Fats, waxes
Compound Lipids, Phospholipids, Glycolipids and Lipoprotein
Derived Lipids cholesterol