Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Section 2.3: Carbon-Based Molecules Biochemistry

Published byMiranda Morris Modified over 7 years ago

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Section 2.3: Carbon-Based Molecules Biochemistry"— Presentation transcript:

1 Section 2.3: Carbon-Based Molecules Biochemistry

2 Wood Shell Butter Snail Quartz CO2 Sand Leaf Water Rock
You have heard people use the term “Organic” in every day speech…Which of these would be considered Organic vs Inorganic? Wood Shell Butter Snail Quartz CO2 Sand Leaf Water Rock O2 Pearl NaCl Paper Bird SiO Lollipop Cotton Diamond Egg

3 Organic Compounds Must contain C and H covalently bonded together Usually contain O and sometimes N

4 What makes Carbon such a special element?
It can form 4 covalent bonds Forms chains or rings to other Carbons Can single, double or triple bond Easily covalently bonds with H, O and N

5 How are biomolecules put together?
Smallest unit of a biomolecule is called a Monomer (One unit). Simple Sugars, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids and Nucleotides Glucose Amino Acid Fatty Acid

6 2. These monomers will bond together to form a Polymer (Many units).
(Starch, Proteins, Fats, Nucleic acid) Sucrose Lipid

7 What types of nutrients are found in your food?

8 Monomer Polymer MONOSACCHARIDES

9 Polymers form by a bonding monomers together with each other to form larger molecules (like putting beads onto a necklace).

10 _____________________
The formula for Glucose is C6H12O6 and Fructose is also C6H12O6, when they are combined together, the new compound, Sucrose (sugar) is C12H22O11. How could that be? C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 _____________________ C12H24O12 - C12H22O11 ______________ H2O

11 Process of putting the monomers together to form polymers is called Dehydration synthesis (removing water, putting together) For each bond, a water molecule needs to be pulled out to join the 2 monomers together. It is a building up process, going from simple to more complex

12 Dehydration Synthesis
1 2 3 1 2 3

13 Hydrolysis (water loosening) is the reverse of Dehydration Synthesis.
The food we eat usually are polymers which won’t fit into our cells so they need to be broke down Hydrolysis (water loosening) is the reverse of Dehydration Synthesis. It’s a breakdown process Water molecules are put back in to break the bonds of the polymer to become monomers. Commonly known as Digestion

14 1 3 2 1 2 3

15 Hydrolysis

16 The Big 4 Biomolecule groups
Carbohydrates Sugars and starches Lipids Fats, Oils, waxes and sterols Nucleic acids DNA and RNA Proteins Hemoglobin, enzymes, muscles, blood, hormones

17 Carbohydrates Main source of energy for the body Made up of C, H & O
H:O is 2:1 Main source of energy for the body Made up of Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)

18 Monosaccharide Simple Sugar C6H12O6 Provide quick energy Galactose
Glucose Galactose Fructose Provide quick energy Galactose Glucose

19 Disaccharide Double Sugar C12H22O11 Provide fast energy Lactose
Sucrose Lactose Maltose Provide fast energy Lactose Sucrose

20 Polysaccharide Many sugar polymer Starch Glycogen Cellulose
Animal starch stored in liver Cellulose Main component of plant cell walls. Most abundant biomolecule on earth Provide stored energy (4 - 6 hours)

21 Cellulose

22 Glycogen

23 Carbohydrate lab Each pair should build glucose – Initialed
With an adjoining pair, undergo Dehydration Synthesis Get initialed Undergo Hydrolysis – Get initialed Break apart model kits and put back in bag and on front lab table. Complete ALL questions in the lab

24 First make a Glucose molecule
6 5 4 1 3 2

25 -Next, line up the two Glucose molecules side by side
-Next, line up the two Glucose molecules side by side. -To the left Glucose molecule, remove an –OH from the 1st Carbon . -The Glucose on the right will remove a H from the 4th Carbon -Take the –OH and the – to make a water molecule -Join the Oxygen from the Glucose on the right to the Carbon of the Glucose on the left

26 Lipids Glycerol Fatty acids Not soluble in water
Contain C, H, and O where the H:O ratio is >2:1 Fats, oils and waxes Used for stored energy, insulation and waterproofing Made up of Glycerol and Fatty acids Produced by Dehydration synthesis Glycerol Fatty acids

27 3 water molecules were removed
Fatty Acid Glycerol 3 water molecules were removed

28 Triglyceride (a fat)

29 Saturated vs Unsaturated fat controversy
The more H’s in the Hydrocarbon chain, the more energy the fatty acid provides The more H’s, the more solid it will be. Problem with clogging and narrowing of arteries and > blood pressure Angioplasty

30 butter, lard, animal fat, cholesterol, coconut and palm oil
Saturated fats: butter, lard, animal fat, cholesterol, coconut and palm oil are solid at room temp. have no double bonds so there is a maximum of H’s present

31 Unsaturated fats Olive oil, canola oil, margarine Liquid at room temp
Have at least 1 double bond in the H – C chain

32 Polyunsaturated fats Soybean oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, corn oil Clear, thin liquids at room temp Contain many double bonds in H-C chain

33 Each pair should make a Glycerol model
Three Hydroxyl groups with H’s & C’s Hydroxyl groups This is where dehydration synthesis will occur

34 Now make each of the following Fatty Acids
Now make each of the following Fatty Acids. You will need to break some apart to make more. Butryic acid Caproic acid

35 Caproic acid H H H H H O H C C C C C C O H H H H
Now make a double bond in between the two middle Carbons. You will need to take off two hydrogen atoms to do this. Caproic acid H H H H H O H C C C C C C O H H H H

36 Proteins For Building material and Regulation: Large molecules
Hemoglobin, enzymes, muscles, blood, hormones, cell membrane Large molecules Contain C, H, O, & N (sometimes also S) Found in meats, eggs, dairy & Legumes (beans, peas and peanuts) Made up of Amino acids

37 Polymers of Amino Acids
Made up of: an Amino group (-NH2), a Carboxyl group (COOH) a radical (R) or variable group

38 Amino Acids 20 different AA (8 are essential) Most end in “ine”
Since there are 20 different AA, the possible number of proteins formed are limitless (How many words can you make with 26 letters?)

39

40 When 2 amino acids bond, a Dipeptide is formed by Dehydration Synthesis
The C-N bond formed is called a Peptide bond When 3 or more AA bonds, it’s a Polypeptide

41 Glycine Alanine Water Dipeptide

42 CH3 CH3 CH3

43 Nucleic acids DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
Contain C, H, O, N and P Polymers of Nucleotides A 5 carbon sugar A nitrogen base A phosphate group P S N Base

44 Store and transmit genetic information
They work together to make proteins.

45 Biomolecule Group Monomer Polymer Example Function Lipids Proteins
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

46 A B C D F G E H I Glucose Fructose Disaccharide Nucleotide Dipeptide
Polysaccharide F G Nucleotide E Fatty Acid Dipeptide H I

47 Monosaccharides, Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Glycerol & Fatty Acids
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Elements C and H2O C, H, O >2:1 C, H, O, N (S) C, H, O, N, P  Monomers Monosaccharides, Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Glycerol & Fatty Acids Amino Acids Nucleotides Polymers Di (Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose)and Polysaccharides (Cellulose, Amylose, Glycogen) Di and Polypeptides DNA and RNA Chemical Formula C6H12O6, & C12H22O11  NA Amine, Carboxyl groups & Radical Function Quicker energy Stored energy Building & Regulatory Functions Controls activity of cell & Protein Synthesis Where found Sugars, Starches Fats, Oils, Waxes and Sterols Muscles, Hormones, Enzymes Nucleus of cell Examples Fruit sugar, Milk sugar, Starches, Glycogen Meat, Dairy, eggs RNA & DNA  Ending "ose" "ol" or "ide" "ine" "nucleic acid"

48 Di and Polysaccharides Di and Polypeptides DNA and RNA
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Structure Elements C and H2O C, H, O >2:1 C, H, O, N (S) C, H, O, N and P Glucose Monomers Monosaccharides Glycerol & Fatty Acids Amino Acids Nucleotides Fructose Polymers Di and Polysaccharides Di and Polypeptides DNA and RNA Amino acid Chemical Formula C6H12O6, C12H22O11 No set formula Amine, Carboxyl groups & Radical Fatty Acid Function Quicker energy Stored energy Building & Regulatory Functions Controls activity of cell & Protein Synthesis Disaccharide Where found Sugars, Fats, Oils, Waxes and Sterols Muscles, Hormones, Enzymes Nucleus of cell Nucleotide Examples Fruit sugar, Milk sugar, Starches, Glycogen Meat, Dairy, eggs RNA & DNA only Polysaccharide Ending "ose" "ol" or "ide" "ine" "nucleic acid" Dipeptide

49 Endings & Can you read the labels
But why Carbon? Funtions and Organics Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Enzymes Endings & Can you read the labels 4 Long term energy storage, insulation and cell membrane Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen C, H, O, N and P Carbohydrate Building material, cell membrane, hormones, enzymes, hemoglobin 1:02:01 Amino Acids Fats, Oil, Waxes and Sterols DNA and RNA Organic catalysts Protein or Amino Acid covalent Carbon and Hydrogen Monosaccharides Carboxyl (-COOH) and Amine (-NH2) >2:1 DNA - Nucleus RNA - Nucleus or cytoplasm Regulate the rate of a reaction Lipid or Alcohol double bond Covalent Glucose, Galactose, Fructose 20 Fatty Acids and Glycerol Nucleotides Catalase Enzyme Monomers Hydrolysis Energy Peptide bond (C-N) 3 DNA - Deoxyribose, RNA - Ribose Substrate at the active site Meat, eggs, diary and legumes Polymers Living organisms Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose Polypeptide Saturated fat On the N-bases of the nucleotides Enzymes specificity Oils, fats and waxes (yummy) Polymerization Sugars and starches Polysaccharides (starches, glycogen and cellulose) Polymerization/ Dehydration synthesis Double bonds (2 or more) DNA is double stranded Reversible and reusable Glycogen, Cellulose

Download ppt "Section 2.3: Carbon-Based Molecules Biochemistry"

Similar presentations

Miss T’s Biochemistry Review

Miss T’s Biochemistry Review
Lesson Overview 2.3 Carbon Compounds.

Lesson Overview 2.3 Carbon Compounds.
Carbon Compounds Chapter 2 Section 3.

Carbon Compounds Chapter 2 Section 3.
3.3 Molecules of Life.

3.3 Molecules of Life.
Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry. Water What do you think makes water so special? Liquid at room temperature Everyone needs it to survive, You are.

Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry. Water What do you think makes water so special? Liquid at room temperature Everyone needs it to survive, You are.
2.3 Carbon Based Molecules

2.3 Carbon Based Molecules
The Building Blocks of Life

The Building Blocks of Life
Macromolecules. Atom Molecule Elements Compound Cell Smallest unit of matter/retain chemical properties Substance made of only one type of atom Bond between.

Macromolecules. Atom Molecule Elements Compound Cell Smallest unit of matter/retain chemical properties Substance made of only one type of atom Bond between.
BIOMOLECULES- Building BLOCKS OF ORGANISMS Carbon Compounds in Cells.

BIOMOLECULES- Building BLOCKS OF ORGANISMS Carbon Compounds in Cells.
___________ is a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics. Competitive.

___________ is a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics. Competitive.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids.
Biomolecules The Molecules of Life

Biomolecules The Molecules of Life
compounds that contain carbon are called______________ Organic.

compounds that contain carbon are called______________ Organic.
Biochemistry  Common elements found inside a cell: 1. Nitrogen 2. Carbon 3. Oxygen 4. Hydrogen 5. Phosphorus  Organic molecules: contain carbon and hydrogen.

Biochemistry  Common elements found inside a cell: 1. Nitrogen 2. Carbon 3. Oxygen 4. Hydrogen 5. Phosphorus  Organic molecules: contain carbon and hydrogen.
Biochemistry Chapter 4 (with some extra stuff from 1,2 and 3)

Biochemistry Chapter 4 (with some extra stuff from 1,2 and 3)
Organic Compounds and Life: An organic compound are compounds in which carbon atoms are combined with hydrogen and usually oxygen. Organic compounds frequently.

Organic Compounds and Life: An organic compound are compounds in which carbon atoms are combined with hydrogen and usually oxygen. Organic compounds frequently.
Macromolecules. Composed of long chains of smaller molecules Macromolecules are formed through the process of _____________. Polymerization= large compounds.

Macromolecules. Composed of long chains of smaller molecules Macromolecules are formed through the process of _____________. Polymerization= large compounds.
The Chemistry of Life Biochemistry. Organic Compounds Contain Carbon (C) I. Groups A. Carbohydrates B. Proteins C. Lipids D. Nucleic Acids.

The Chemistry of Life Biochemistry. Organic Compounds Contain Carbon (C) I. Groups A. Carbohydrates B. Proteins C. Lipids D. Nucleic Acids.
Organic Compounds: Biomolecules aka: Carbon Compounds.

Organic Compounds: Biomolecules aka: Carbon Compounds.
Organic Compounds Must have carbon & usually bonded to other carbon atoms. May contain hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen & phosphorus. Four main classes.

Organic Compounds Must have carbon & usually bonded to other carbon atoms. May contain hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen & phosphorus. Four main classes.

Similar presentations

Ads by Google