1. Carbohydrates

2. Organic Molecules Giant molecules are called Macromolecules
Most macromolecules are Polymers
Polymer = large molecules consisting of many identical or similar subunits strung together
Subunits of a polymer are Monomers

4. Dehydration Synthesis
Monomers are linked together by Dehydration Synthesis
The net effect of this process is the removal of a water molecule for each monomer in the chain
This type of reaction is called a Dehydration Synthesis

6. Joining Two Monomers
Two monomers join when one monomer loses an -OH and the other loses a H+
Energy is required
This process occurs only with the help of enzymes

8. Disassembling Polymers
Polymers are disassembled to monomers by Hydrolysis
Bonds between monomers are broken down by the addition of water
H+ from water attaches to one monomer and the -OH attaches to the other
This is the reverse of Condensation Synthesis Ex. Digestion

10. 4 Major Classes of Organic Compounds
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids

11. Carbohydrates Includes all sugars and their polymers
Simplest form = Monosaccharide (simple sugars)
Double Sugar = Disaccharide (made up of 2 monosaccharides) joined by a dehydration synthesis reaction
Polymers of many sugars = Polysaccharide

13. Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

14. Monosaccharides General Formula is CH2O
The number of these units ranges 3-7 carbons long
Most common Monosaccharide is GLUCOSE C6H12O6 which is a major cellular fuel.

16. Monosaccharide Functional Groups
Hydroxyl attached to each Carbon except one
One carbon is double bonded to oxygen to form a carbonyl group
Depending on the location of the carbonyl, a sugar is either:
aldehyde
ketone
alcohol

17. Glucose is an ALDOSE (hexose)
Fructose is a KETOSE (hexose)

18. Another source of diversity in simple sugars is the spatial arrangement of their parts around symmetric carbon atoms
In aqueous solutions, glucose and other sugars form rings.
Glucose is broken down to yield energy in cellular respiration.
Monosaccharides are the building blocks for synthesis of other smaller organic molecules.

20. Disaccharides
Double sugars that consist of 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis and a covalent bond between monosaccharides
Examples:
Maltose = 2 Glucose (beer, seed germination)
Lactose = Glucose + Galactose (milk)
Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose (plant sugar)

22. Oligosaccahrides Short chains made of 2 or more monomers
When 3 or more monomers are present they are sometimes attached as side chains to proteins and aid in membrane function

23. Polysaccharides Made up of a few 100 to a few 1,000 Monosaccharides
Can be straight or branched chains

24. Storage Polysaccharides
Used as a storage material. Ex. Starch - consists of only glucose and can be hydrolyzed when needed to produce sugar
Simplest form of starch = Amylose - unbranched
Plants store starch to save up sugars “carb. Banking” for long term energy needs

26. Animal Energy Needs
Most animals have enzymes to hydrolyze plant starch to make glucose available as a nutrient for cells
Animals produce/store Glycogen, a highly branched polymer of glucose, as their energy storage form.
Humans store glycogen in the muscles & liver cells.

28. Animal Energy Needs
Humans hydrolyze the glycogen to release glucose when sugar demand increases
The “Bank” depletes within a day but gets replenished by eating more food.

30. Structural Polysaccharides
Used for support
ex. Cellulose - found in Cell Wall of plant cells. It’s one of the most abundant organic compounds on Earth
Cellulose is tough & insoluble

32. Cellulose
Like starch, cellulose is a polymer of glucose, but the configuration of the ring form of glucose differs.
In cellulose, the glucose monomers are in the Beta configuration. This means that the hydroxyl is locked above the plane of the ring.

33. Starch
In starch the glucose monomers are in the alpha configuration. This means that the hydroxyl is locked below the plane of the ring.
This variation in geometry of starch and cellulose allows each to have different properties.

34. Enzymes
Enzymes that digest starch by hydrolyzing the alpha bonds are unable to hydrolyze the beta linkages of cellulose.
Humans don’t have the enzymes that can break the beta link.
Cellulose then becomes undigestable dietary fiber (roughage)

35. Put in your NOTECARDS: 1. Explanation of Dehydration Synthesis
2. Explanation of Hydrolysis
3. The General Formula for a Carbohydrate
4. Explain the difference between a Monosaccharide and a Polysaccharide
1 NOTECARD