1. AIM: How are Organic and Inorganic Compounds Classified?
Topic: BIOCHEMISTRY
AIM: How are Organic and Inorganic Compounds Classified?
Do Now: C12H22O11 Element or Compound? If compound how many elements and how many atoms of each element are there? What type of formula is this?
HW: Please Print out Review sheet for Quarterly and make sure to study all info – Bring this sheet to class tomorrow.

2. ALL LIVING THINGS CONTAIN BOTH ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS!

3. Compound that contains BOTH Carbon AND Hydrogen
What is an organic compound?
Compound that contains BOTH Carbon AND Hydrogen
Makes up living things
CH4 - Organic
C6H12O6 - Organic
CO2 – Not Organic – Does not contain H

4. Compound that DOES NOT contain both Carbon and Hydrogen together
What is an inorganic compound?
Compound that DOES NOT contain both Carbon and Hydrogen together
H2O
H2SO4
CO2
NaCl
These are all INORGANIC

5. WATER:

6. SUGAR:

7. 4 Organic Cmpd Groups CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
4 Organic Cmpd Groups
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS

8. MONOSACCHARIDE:
GLUCOSE

9. MONOSACCHARIDE:
GALACTOSE

10. MONOSACCHARIDE:
FRUCTOSE

11. MALTOSE
DISACCHARIDE:

12. 3. POLYSACCHARIDE
Poly = many sugars = Starch
Many rings joined together

15. Dehydration Synthesis
The process: “Putting molecules together and Releasing water”
Water is a product (right side of the arrow)
Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide  Disaccharide + Water

16. For carbohydrates: mono + mono  disaccharide + water
+ H2O +
mono + mono  disaccharide + water
glucose + glucose  maltose water

20. WATER

21. +

22. Hydrolysis
The process of “Splitting molecules with the Addition of water”
Breaking things down: ex. Digestion
Water is a reactant (left side of the arrow)
Disaccharide + Water = Mono + Mono

23. For carbohydrates: Disaccharide + water  mono + mono
+ H2O +
Disaccharide water  mono + mono
maltose water  glucose + glucose

25. FUNCTIONS
1. energy storage (secondary source of energy)
2. protects organs in the body
3. insulates the body
4. makes up cell membranes

26. Dehydration synthesis of lipids
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids lipid + water

27. 1 molecule of fat

28. Hydrolysis of lipids
Lipid + water  1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

29. LIPIDS THAT ARE SOLID AT ROOM TEMP  CALLED FAT
LIPIDS THAT ARE LIQUID AT ROOM TEMP  CALLED OIL

30. SATURATED VS. UNSATURATED
IF FAT CONTAINS SINGLE BONDS
THROUGHOUT STRUCTURE,
IT IS SATURATED

31. SATURATED VS. UNSATURATED
IF FAT CONTAINS DOUBLE BONDS
THROUGHOUT STRUCTURE,
IT IS UNSATURATED

32. UNSATURATED FATS ALLOWS THE BODY TO DIGEST THE FAT EASIER
UNSATURATED FATS ALLOWS THE BODY TO DIGEST THE FAT EASIER. THE DOUBLE BOND IS EASIER TO BE BROKEN DOWN & DIGESTED
DOUBLE BOND
HEALTHIER TO EAT

33. 3. Proteins Elements: C-H-O-N Building Blocks: Amino Acids (aa)
There are 20 different kinds of aa’s
The order of the aa’s determines the shape of the protein and the shape determines the function of the protein.
Examples: All enzymes & hormones & antibodies are PROTEINS therefore made of aa’s

34. Ex. Hemoglobin is a Protein

35. Ex. Antibodies (immune system)

36. AMINO ACIDS

37. Amino acids
Building Blocks
Variable group
Carboxyl group
Amino group

38. Serine
Cysteine
Leucine

40. Dehydration Synthesis of Proteins
Amino acid + amino acid Dipeptide + water
PEPTIDE BOND
Dipeptide
Amino acid
Amino acid

41. 2 amino acids joined together
Dipeptide
2 amino acids joined together
Peptide bond

42. Hydrolysis of Proteins
Dipeptide + water amino acid + amino acid
PEPTIDE BOND +
Dipeptide
Amino acid
Amino acid

43. AMINO ACIDS
NEW BOND
DEHYDRATION

44. 2 AMINO ACIDS FORM
A DIPEPTIDE

45. ***Blueprints of Life***
4. Nucleic Acids
Elements: C-H-O-N-P
Building Blocks: Nucleotides
Function: Hereditary Material
Ex. DNA & RNA
***Blueprints of Life***

46. COMPOSED OF THREE PARTS:
-SUGARS
-PHOSPHATE GROUPS
-NITROGENOUS GROUPS

47. Building blocks = NUCLEOTIDE
phosphate
Nitrogen base
sugar

48. NITROGENOUS BASES
5 Bases
DNA: A-T & G-C
RNA: A-U & G-C

49. NITROGENOUS BASE
BOND
RIBOSE
PHOSPHATE

50. IN A DNA STRAND, THE BASES PAIR UP AS FOLLOWS:
C - G
A - T
IN A RNA STRAND: A - U

51. FINALLY
THE
ALPHA
HELIX

53. ALL ENZYMES Are PROTEINS Are Made of AA’s Are Polypeptides
Are Made in the Ribosomes
Have a specific shape
Are specific
Work on specific substrates
Names end in ASE
Are organic catalysts

54. Enzyme = Organic Catalyst What is a Catalyst?
Enzymes
Enzyme = Organic Catalyst
What is a Catalyst?

55. Speed up the rate of a reaction but they themselves do not change.
Catalysts

56. Names end in –ase Examples: Lipid – Lipase Protein – Protease
Maltose – Maltase
Lactose – Lactase

58. Binds with an enzyme in order for the reaction to occur
What is being broken down or put together
What is a substrate?

59. What is
an active
site?
Where the enzyme and substrate touch – where the actual chemical reaction occurs.

60. Enzyme-substrate complex
Active Site
Enzyme
Substrate
Enzyme-substrate complex

62. What Factors Affect Enzyme Activity?
Temperature pH
Amount of Substrate & Enzyme

63. Optimal Temp
98.6 F = 37 C
Best Temp. for enzymes to work

64. 37°C

65. If temp rises above this  DENATURATION occurs
Denaturation = enzyme changes shape  substrate cannot fit with active site  REACTION DOES NOT HAPPEN

66. 2. pH & Enzyme activity
pH = how basic or acidic a liquid is.
A pH of 1-6 is acidic, 7 is neutral and 8-14 is basic.
Most places in the body are neutral so most Enzymes work best at a pH of 7.

67. Optimum pH = 7 1 14 7 pH

68. HOWEVER: Some enzymes work best in other pH’s.
or basic conditions

69. (All the gas pumps are full and cars have to wait to get gas now)
Increasing substrate amount will increase reaction rate until all enzymes are occupied- then reaction is at maximum rate.
(All the gas pumps are full and cars have to wait to get gas now)
3. Substrate concentration

70. THE END Increasing substrate increases the enzymes reaction rate
Max Rate
THE END

71. NITROGENOUS BASES
DIVIDED INTO TWO CATEGORIES:
PYRIMIDINES
PURINES
&

72. TWO TYPES WHICH EXIST IN DNA & RNA
PURINES
TWO TYPES WHICH EXIST IN DNA & RNA
ADENINE (A) AND GUANINE (G)

73. PYRIMIDINES
THERE ARE 3 TYPES
CYTOSINE (C)  IN DNA & RNA THYMINE (T)  ONLY IN DNA URACIL (U)  ONLY IN RNA

74. SHAPE OF DNA
IN 1953, WATSON AND CRICK DEDUCED THE SHAPE OF THE DNA AS AN ALPHA HELIX OR A SPIRAL STAIRCASE

75. LADDER HAS A SUGAR & PHOSPHATE BACKBONE: OUTSIDE
SHAPE OF DNA
LADDER HAS A SUGAR & PHOSPHATE BACKBONE: OUTSIDE
THE NITROGENOUS BASES:IN THE MIDDLE & ARE HELD TOGETHER BY WEAK HYDROGEN BONDS

76. ATOMS: Compromise the element. Contain protons, neutrons and electrons
DEFINITIONS:
ATOMS: Compromise the element. Contain protons, neutrons and electrons

77. ELEMENTS: A substance that can not be broken down
DEFINITIONS:
ELEMENTS: A substance that can not be broken down

78. COMPOUND: Two or more elements combined chemically
DEFINITIONS:
COMPOUND: Two or more elements combined chemically

79. DEFINITIONS:
BONDING: the formation of compounds resulting from a chemical bond. Two types of bonds covalent (sharing electrons) and ionic (transfer of electrons)

80. ATOMS CONTAIN PROTONS, ELECTRONS AND NEURTONS

81. CAN BE TRANSFERRED (ionic) OR SHARED (covalent) DURING A BOND
ELECTRONS
ELECTRONS
CAN BE TRANSFERRED (ionic) OR SHARED (covalent) DURING A BOND

82. SATURATED FATS ARE CONVERTED INTO CHOLESTEROL 2 TYPES OF CHOLESTEROLS:
HDL’s: GOOD TYPE OF CHOLESTEROL
LDL’s: DANGEROUS TYPE OF CHOLESTEROL
ANIMAL PRODUCTS: MILK & MEATS ARE HIGH IN SATURATED FATS
FISH, VEGETABLES AND MARGARINE: HIGH IN UNSATURATED FATS

83. BOND BETWEEN 2 AMINO ACIDS IS THROUGH A PEPTIDE BOND BETWEEN
THE CARBON AND
NITROGEN

84. 1. OCCUR BETWEEN CARBON OF ONE AMINO ACID AND NITROGEN OF AN ANOTHER
PEPTIDE BONDS:
1. OCCUR BETWEEN CARBON OF ONE AMINO ACID AND NITROGEN OF AN ANOTHER
2. LEAD TO DIPEPTIDES AND POLYPEPTIDES
3. OCCUR DUE TO DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

85. Peptide Bond
C N
O H

86. DNA & RNA
LACK OF OXYGEN