1. Mon: Labor Day
Tue: Sci. method Test
Wed/Thurs: Organic compound lab
Fri: What’s in my food
Bell warm up 09/10/10 What do these foods contain? Options: carbohydrate/ lipid/protein/nucleic acid
A B C

2. Organic Chemistry

3. Uses of Organic Molecules
Americans consume an average of 140 pounds of sugar per person per year
Cellulose, found in plant cell walls, is the most abundant organic compound on Earth

4. Uses of Organic Molecules
A typical cell in your body has about 2 meters of DNA
A typical cow produces over 200 pounds of methane gas each year

5. Water Water is used in most reactions in the body
About percent of an organism is water
Water is used in most reactions in the body
Water is called the universal solvent

6. Water Properties
Polarity
Cohesiveness
Adhesiveness
Surface Tension

7. Carbon-based Molecules
Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds

8. Carbon is a Versatile Atom
It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight
Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds

9. What makes carbon special?
Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer energy level, so it has to form 4 bonds to become stable.
Carbon can bond with wide variety of other things.

10. What makes carbon special?
Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer energy level, so it has to form 4 bonds to become stable.
Carbon can bond with wide variety of other things.

11. Hydrocarbons The simplest carbon compounds …
Contain only carbon & hydrogen atoms

12. Carbon can use its bonds to::
Attach to other carbons
Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons

13. The hydrocarbons of fat molecules provide energy for our bodies
Large Hydrocarbons:
Are the main molecules in the gasoline we burn in our cars
The hydrocarbons of fat molecules provide energy for our bodies

14. Shape of Organic Molecules
Each type of organic molecule has a unique three-dimensional shape
The shape determines its function in an organism

15. Functional Groups are:
Groups of atoms that give properties to the compounds to which they attach
Lost Electrons
Gained Electrons

16. Common Functional Groups

17. Giant Molecules - Polymers
Large molecules are called polymers
Polymers are built from smaller molecules called monomers
Biologists call them macromolecules

18. Examples of Polymers
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids

19. Monomers are the building blocks of organic molecules Monomer + monomer + monomer etc = polymer

20. Most Macromolecules are Polymers
Polymers are made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers
Nucleic Acid Monomer

21. This process joins two sugar monomers to make a double sugar
Linking Monomers
Cells link monomers by a process called dehydration synthesis (removing a molecule of water)
Remove H
H2O Forms
Remove OH
This process joins two sugar monomers to make a double sugar

22. When monomer is joined to another monomer, there is loss of water : dehydration synthesis

23. Breaking Down Polymers
Cells break down macromolecules by a process called hydrolysis (adding a molecule of water)
Water added to split a double sugar

24. When polymer beaks down to form monomer, WATER is added –HYDROLYSIS That is water is added to split the two sugars

25. Bellwarm up: Root words quiz
1. Monosaccharide : mono / saccharide 
___________ / _____________ 
2. hydrolysis : hydro / lysis
_____ / _______
3. polymer : poly / mer
__________ / ___________
4. dehydration: de / hydro / tion
  _______ / _____ / _______
5. macromolecule: macro / molecule
  _______ / molecule
6. Lactose : lact / ose 
_____ / _____
7 Synthesis : Synthesis _________

26. Root word quiz 0 = 100% -1 = 93% -2 = 86% -3 = 79% -4 = 72% -5 = 65%
-6 = 58%
-7 = 51%
-8 = 44%
-9 = 37%
-10 = 30%

27. Macromolecules in Organisms
There are four categories of large molecules in cells:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

28. Question: Name the 4 organic molecules or biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

29. Question:
Monomer + monomer = ______________
POLYMER

30. Q: Water is lost when monomers joins to form polymer . True or false
True Dehydration synthesis De= without Hydro= water tion = condition or state of

32. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates include:
Small sugar molecules in soft drinks
Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes

33. Components of Carbohydrates are carbon hydrogen and Oxygen
Basic building block is a monosaccharide
Two monosaccharide form a dissacharide
Types:
Carbohydrate include
1.Monosaccharide (building block)
2. Disacharide
3. Polysaccharide (polymer)

34. Monosaccharides: Called simple sugars
Include glucose, fructose, & galactose
Have the same chemical, but different structural formulas
C6H12O6

35. Monosaccharides (simple sugar)
Glucose is found in sports drinks
Fructose is found in fruits
Honey contains both glucose & fructose
Galactose is called “milk sugar”

36. Isomers
Glucose & fructose are isomers because they’re structures are different, but their chemical formulas are the same

37. In aqueous (watery) solutions, monosaccharides form ring structures

38. Cellular Fuel
Monosaccharides are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work
ATP

39. Disaccharides A disaccharide is a double sugar
They’re made by joining two monosaccharides
Involves removing a water molecule (dehydration)

40. Common disaccharides include:
Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (Milk Sugar)
Maltose (Grain sugar)

41. Disaccharides Maltose is composed of 2 glucose molecules
Sucrose is composed of glucose + fructose
Maltose is composed of 2 glucose molecules
Lactose is made of galactose + glucose
GLUCOSE

42. Polysaccharides Complex carbohydrates
Composed of many sugar monomers linked together
Polymers of monosaccharide chains

43. Examples of Polysaccharides
Glucose Monomer
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

44. Starch Starch is an example of a polysaccharide in plants
Plant cells store starch for energy
Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet

45. Glycogen Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide in animals
Animals store excess sugar in the form of glycogen
Glycogen is similar in structure to starch

46. Q: in what form do animals store excess energy?
GLYCOGEN

47. Cellulose Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth
It forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plants
It is a major component of wood
It is also known as dietary fiber

48. Cellulose
SUGARS

49. Dietary Cellulose Most animals cannot derive nutrition from fiber
They have bacteria in their digestive tracts that can break down cellulose

50. Function of carbohydrate
The main function is to store energy In plant energy stored as STARCH In animal energy stored as GLYCOGEN

51. _______________ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth
A. Protein
B. carbohydrate
c. Lipid
D. Nucleic acid

52. Sugars in Water
Simple sugars and double sugars dissolve readily in water
WATER MOLECULE
They are hydrophilic, or “water-loving”
SUGAR MOLECULE

53. Bell warm up 09/14/10 Plants stores energy in form of________
A. Glycogen
B. starch

54. Lipid
Lipids

55. Lipids Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing” Do NOT mix with water
Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils
FAT MOLECULE

56. Lipid Components
The components of lipids are
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

57. Lipids Building blocks
Fatty acid + glycerol

58. Types of Fatty Acids
Unsaturated fatty acids have less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (a double bond between carbons)
Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (all single bonds between carbons)

59. Types of Fatty Acids Single Bonds in Carbon chain
Double bond in carbon chain

60. Buiding block of lipid: fatty acid and glycerol
Monomer of lipids
Composed of Glycerol & 3 fatty acid chains
Glycerol forms the “backbone” of the fat
Organic Alcohol

61. Triglyceride
Fatty Acid Chains
Glycerol

62. Fats in Organisms
Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)

63. Types/ examples
Oils- liquid at room temperature Fats- solid at room temperature Waxes Steroid

64. Oils
Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)

65. Fats
Dietary fat consists largely of the molecule triglyceride composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains
Fatty Acid Chain
Glycerol
Dehydration links the fatty acids to Glycerol

66. Steroids
The carbon skeleton of steroids is bent to form 4 fused rings
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids
Estrogen
Testosterone
Estrogen & testosterone are also steroids

67. Waxes
Solid at room temperature

68. Steroids They are variants of testosterone
Some athletes use them to build up their muscles quickly
They can pose serious health risks

69. Function of Lipids
Fats store energy, help to insulate the body, and cushion and protect organs

70. Proteins Components: Proteins are made up of Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
Nitrogen

71. Building block
Proteins are polymers made of monomers called amino acids
That is amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

72. Four Types of Proteins
Storage
Structural
Contractile
Transport

73. 20 Amino Acid Monomers

74. Structure of Amino Acids
group
Carboxyl
group
Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things boded to it:
R group
Amino group –NH2
Carboxyl group -COOH
Hydrogen -H
Side groups
Side group -R
Serine-hydrophillic
Leucine -hydrophobic

75. Linking Amino Acids Cells link amino acids together to make proteins
Carboxyl
Cells link amino acids together to make proteins
Amino
Side Group
The process is called dehydration synthesis
Dehydration Synthesis
Peptide bonds form to hold the amino acids together
Peptide Bond

76. Function Function Proteins are used to build cells
act as hormones & enzymes, and do much of the work in a cell

77. Enzymes Are biological catalysts- they alter rate of chemical reaction
Thousands of different enzymes exist in the body
Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction

78. Enzymes Enzymes are globular proteins.
Their folded conformation creates an area known as the active site.
The nature and arrangement of amino acids in the active site make it specific for only one type of substrate.

79. Enzyme + Substrate = Product

80. How the Enzyme Works
Enzymes are reusable!!!

83. Primary Protein Structure
The primary structure is the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein
Amino Acid

84. Protein Structures
Secondary protein structures occur when protein chains coil or fold
When protein chains called polypeptides join together, the tertiary structure forms
In the watery environment of a cell, proteins become globular in their quaternary structure

85. Protein Structures Hydrogen bond Pleated sheet Polypeptide
(single subunit)
Amino acid
(a) Primary structure
Hydrogen bond
Alpha helix
(b) Secondary structure
(c) Tertiary structure
(d) Quaternary structure

86. Denaturating Proteins
Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so it no longer works
Cooking denatures protein in eggs
Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it denatures

87. Changing Amino Acid Sequence
Substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease 2 1 3 6 4 5
(a) Normal red blood cell
Normal hemoglobin 2 1 3 6 4 5
(b) Sickled red blood cell
Sickle-cell hemoglobin

89. Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides That is
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acid
Nitrogenous base
(A,G,C, or T)
Phosphate
group
Thymine (T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
Nucleotide

90. Bases Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases: Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)

91. Components of nucleic acid
Phosphate group Nitrogenous base Sugar group

92. Bell warm up 10/14/08 Plants stores energy in form of________
Animals store energy in form of _______

93. Nucleic Acids

94. Building block
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acid

95. Nucleotide Monomers Form long chains called DNA
Backbone
Form long chains called DNA
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are joined by sugars & phosphates on the side
Bases
DNA strand

96. There are 2 types of Nucleic acid
DNA
RNA

97. DNA Two strands of DNA join together to form a double helix Base pair

98. RNA – Ribonucleic Acid Ribose sugar has an extra –OH or hydroxyl group
Nitrogenous base
(A,G,C, or U)
Ribose sugar has an extra –OH or hydroxyl group
Uracil
Phosphate
group
It has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
Sugar (ribose)

99. Nucleic Acids function
Store hereditary information
Contain information for making all the body’s proteins
Two types exist --- DNA & RNA

100. Summary of Key Concepts

101. Macromolecules

102. Macromolecules

103. List the four Organic compounds.
Bell warm up Thurs 10/03/07
Question
List the four Organic compounds.

104. Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 organic molecules?
nucleic acid
carbohydrate
lipid
isomerism

105. How many electrons does carbon have in its’ outermost shell?
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four

106. DNA stores
A. fat
B. genetic information
C. carbohydrates
D protein

107. A monosaccharide is a
A. carbohydrate
B. lipid
C. nucleic acid
D. protein

108. The two types of nucleic acids are
A. transpiration and evaporation
B. DNA and RNA
C. lipids and sugars
D. glucose and glycogen

109. What is the main function of a carbohydrate?
It stores energy.
It makes skin and muscle.
It digests fat.
It carries genetic information

110. Animals store excess glucose as
glycogen.
starch.
monosaccharide.
cellulose

111. Glycerol and fatty acids are the building blocks for
proteins.
Lipids.
nucleic acids.
polysaccharides.

112. The following structure represents a
A. carbohydrate
B. Lipid (triglyceride)
C. protein
D. nucleic acid

113. The building blocks of proteins are
A. 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
B. monosaccharides
polypeptides.
amino acids

114. What is the function of DNA?
storing heredity information
providing energy
acts as enzyme

115. Which of the following is a lipid?
A. Oils
B. Sugars
C. Proteins
D. Starches

116. Oils are solid at room temperature True or False

117. The structure below is a a. carbohydrate b. lipid c. protein d
The structure below is a a. carbohydrate b. lipid c. protein d. nucleic acid

118. The structure below is a a. carbohydrate b. lipid c. protein d
The structure below is a a. carbohydrate b. lipid c. protein d. nucleic acid

119. The structure below is a a. carbohydrate b. lipid c. protein d
The structure below is a a. carbohydrate b. lipid c. protein d. nucleic acid

120. The structure below is a a. carbohydrate b. lipid c. protein d
The structure below is a a. carbohydrate b. lipid c. protein d. nucleic acid

121. The structure below is a a. monosacharide b. polysacharide

122. The structure below is a a. monosacahride b. polysacharide0

123. End