1. Macromolecules “The molecules of life”1

2. Organic Chemistry All living things are mostly composed of
6 elements: C, H, N, O, P, S
Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories:
Inorganic Compounds:
Do not contain carbon
Organic compounds
Contain significant amounts of carbon.
Often found with common "functional groups"

3. Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell.
Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements).
Usually with C, H, O or N.
Example:
CH4(methane) 3

4. Macromolecules LARGE organic molecules.
Also called POLYMERS (poly- means
“many”)
– Made up of smaller “building blocks”
called MONOMERS (mono- means “one”)
4 types:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) 5

5. Monomer vs. Polymer

6. Macromolecules are formed from Dehydration Synthesis
Also called “condensation reaction”
Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HO
H HO H
H2O HO H

7. Macromolecules are broken down by Hydrolysis
Separates monomers by “adding
water” HO H
H2O HO
H HO H

8. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are made from simple sugars like: glucose and fructose.
Carbohydrates store energy.
Examples:
monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide

9. Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
glucose (C6H12O6) deoxyribose ribose
Fructose
Galactose
Examples:
glucose 10

10. Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Lactose (glucose+galactose)
Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose
glucose

11. Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units
starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn)
Examples:
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
cellulose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose

12. Lipids Not soluble in water (do not dissolve). Functions:
Store the most energy
Make up cell membranes
Act as chemical messengers (hormones)
Protect and insulate
Examples:
Fats
Phospholipids
Oils
Waxes
Steroid hormones
Triglycerides 14

13. Lipids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 H
H-C----O O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
fatty acids
H-C----O
glycerol

14. Fatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see
these on food labels:
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds
(bad)
saturated O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds
(good)
unsaturated O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH

15. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides).
Functions of proteins:
Storage:
Transport:
Regulatory:
Movement:
Structural:
Enzymes:
albumin (egg white) hemoglobin hormones
muscles
membranes, hair, nails cellular reactions

16. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Four levels of protein structure:
Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure

17. Primary Structure
Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains)
Amino Acids (aa)
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa6
Peptide Bonds 20

18. Secondary Structure
3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds.
Two examples:
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds

19. Tertiary Structure
Secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of joined poypeptides
Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide
bridges (S-S)
Call a “subunit”.
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet

20. Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “subunits”
Globular in shape
Form in Aqueous environments
Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)
subunits

21. Nucleic acids Carry the genetic information to make proteins.
Two types:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-
double helix)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)
Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis.

22. Nucleic acids Nucleotides include: phosphate group
pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases:
adenine (A)
thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)

23. Nucleotide C1 C4 C3 C2 O O=P-O O CH2 O N Phosphate Group5
CH2 O N
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T) C1 C4
Sugar (deoxyribose) C3 C2 27

24. DNA - double helix P P C G P P T A P P O O O O O O 5 3 3 5 5 1 3 2 4 428

25. 30