1. 10
Crimes Against Persons

2. Introduction Sources of official U.S. crime statistics
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
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3. Introduction
These sources use their own specialized definitions that may vary considerably between programs and that are not strictly based on federal or state statutes

4. Murder Homicide Murder Willful killing of one human being by another
Criminal homicide
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5. Murder Types of murder First degree – planned, malice aforethought
Second degree – crime of passion
Third degree – negligent homicide
Felony murder – killing during another crime

6. Subculture of Violence Thesis
Wolfgang and Ferracuti’s subculture of violence thesis
primary perspective used to understand homicide victims/offenders
The racial composition of an area alone does not have a significant effect on homicide rates

7. Victim-Offender Relationship
Parker and Smith’s typology
Primary homicides
most frequent, prior victim/offender relationship, expressive crimes
Nonprimary homicides
no prior victim/ offender relationship, instrumental crimes
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8. Victim-Offender Relationship
Williams and Flemming’s two criteria
Nature of circumstances surrounding the homicide
Victim-offender relationship
Exposure-reduction theory of intimate-partner homicide

9. Sibling Offenses
Not all homicide offenders intend to kill their victims
Instrumental homicide may begin as a robbery motivated by instrumental ends
Expressive homicide may be preceded by an argument
Sibling offense
the incident that initiates the homicide

10. Victim Precipitation
Focus on victim characteristics that may have precipitated their victimization
Purpose is not to blame the victim but to examine individual and situational factors that may have contributed to and initiated the crime
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11. Victim Precipitation
Especially important in homicide because homicides frequently begin as argument/fight between people who know each other

12. Weapon Use Instrumentality Availability
The type of weapon used in an encounter can affect whether the encounter becomes lethal
Availability
Issues surrounding how access to guns may increase their presence in all types of interactions, including criminal ones

13. Alcohol and Drug Use
Goldstein – form of association of alcohol/drugs with violent crimes
Psychopharmacological use
Economic compulsion
Systemic violence
Parker – selective disinhibition

14. Serial Murder
Criminal homicide involving the killing of several victims in three or more events
Most serial killers are not legally insane or medically psychotic, although many are diagnosed as sociopaths
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15. Serial Murder Four-part typology Visionary serial killers
Comfort serial killers
Hedonistic serial killers
Power seekers
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16. Serial Murder Fox & Levin three-part typology Thrill-motivated killers
Mission-oriented killers
Expedience-directed killers

17. Female Serial Killers Typically target people known to them
Disciple killer
Murders as the result of the influence of a charismatic personality
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18. Female Serial Killers
Kelleher and Kelleher’s typology of female serialists
Black widow
Angel of death
Typical career of female serial killer is longer than that of male counterparts

19. Apprehending Serial Killers
FBI’s Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (VICAP)
Profiling
Organized nonsocial killers
Disorganized asocial killers
Geomapping

20. Mass Murder Killing more than three people at the same time
Levin and Fox’s typology differentiates crime by motive: revenge, love, profit, terror
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21. Mass Murder Factors/elements that may lead to mass murder:
Predisposers
Precipitants
Facilitators

22. Rape FBI adopted new gender-neutral definition of rape in 2012
UCR program now defines forcible rape as “The carnal knowledge of a person forcibly and against their will”
Police reports rarely reveal the true incidence of rape

23. Feminist Perspectives
No one feminist perspective but the various perspectives have some common elements:
View gender as a social (not biological) construct
Patriarchal structures within society that contribute to the privileged status of men are inseparable from rape
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24. Feminist Perspectives
No one feminist perspective but the various perspectives have some common elements:
View rape as an act of power or domination
Concept of rape culture
Feminist perspectives have been criticized for their often one-dimensional view of masculinity

25. Psychopathological Perspective
This perspective is based on two assumptions:
Rape is the result of idiosyncratic mental disease
Rape often includes uncontrollable sexual impulses
Groth suggests that rape is connected to issues like power and anger

26. Integrated Theory of Rape
Model posits that support for legitimate violence, higher levels of gender inequality, and social disorganization combine to produce higher rape rates at the state level
Researchers have found support for direct effect of gender inequality on rape rates

27. Evolutionary/Biological Perspectives
Focuses on motives and ends conducive to rape
Different traits relating to mating that developed in males and females may have evolved through sexual selection
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28. Evolutionary/Biological Perspectives
Perspective argues that the feminist position of rape ignores the existence of a biologically based sexual motivation
Criticized for justifying rape as “natural”

29. Typologies of Rapists
Hazelwood and Burgess’ typology based on motivation
Power-assertive
Power-reassurance
Anger-retaliatory
Anger-excitation
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30. Typologies of Rapists Stevens’ typology based on motivations
Role of lust a primary motive for a large proportion of rapists
Scully’s typology based on rationalizations used by offenders
Admitters
Deniers

31. Acquaintance Rape
The majority of rapes occur when the victim and offender have some prior relationship
Date rape
acquaintance rape among adults often occurs within the context of a dating relationship

32. Spousal Rape Spousal rape now illegal in all states
Russell’s typology of men who rape their wives
Husbands who prefer raping their wives to having consensual sex with them
Husbands who enjoy both rape and consensual sex with their wives or are indifferent to type
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33. Spousal Rape Russell’s typology of men who rape their wives
Husbands who prefer consensual sex with their wives but are willing to rape them if their sexual advances are refused
Husbands who might like to rape their wives but do not act out these desires

34. Rape in Prison 2003 Prison Rape Elimination Act
Victims frequently reluctant to report incidents to correctional authorities
Sexual assaults in prison likely to have long-term psychological effects on victims

35. Child Sexual Abuse
Includes a variety of criminal and civil offenses in which an adult:
Engages in sexual activity with a minor
Exploits a minor for purposes of sexual gratification, or
Exploits a minor sexually for purposes of profit
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36. Child Sexual Abuse Greatly despised but little understood
Self-reports reveal much more abuse than official reported

37. Types of Child Sex Abusers
Almost all pedophiles are male but there are few other similarities
Groth’s two-part typology
Regressed offenders
Fixated offenders
Commercial sexual exploitation of children
adult victimizes a child sexually for profit

38. Robbery Robbery combines elements of violence and property crime
Personal robbery
Robberies and muggings occurring in residences
Institutional robbery
Robberies in commercial settings
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39. Robbery The lethal potential of robbery
Robbery carries threat of lethal injury to the victim
Most frequently used weapon is a firearm
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40. Robbery Criminal careers of robbers
Most robbers are generalists with lengthy but varied careers
Few inmates specialize exclusively in robbery

41. Robbery and Public Transportation
Crime prevention strategies can be very effective in public transport settings
Robbery on mass transit is fairly rare
Taxi drivers at greatest risk

42. The Motivation of Robbers
Most robberies involve little planning
Motivations include:
Financial gain
Desire to fight
Desire to set right a perceived injustice
Desire to enhance street credibility
“Just for kicks”

43. Drug Robberies
Majority of offenders specializing in street robberies targeted minor drug dealers
Acquire both money and drugs
Drug dealers were unlikely to report the victimization to the police
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44. Drug Robberies
Strategies used to minimize risk involved in targeting drug dealers
Intimidation
Anonymity maintenance
Hypervigilance

45. The Gendered Nature of Robbery
Other than rape, robbery is the most gender-differentiated crime in the US
Men and women both motivated by money but differ in how they carry out street robberies

46. Aggravated Assault
The unlawful attack by one person upon another wherein the offender uses a weapon or displays it in a threatening manner, or the victim suffers obvious or severe bodily injury
Offender profile mirrors that of homicide offenders
Most aggravated assaults are spontaneous

47. Stranger Assault
Probability of serious victimization by strangers very low
Likelihood varies by demographic characteristics

48. Assault within Families
The majority of assaults involve victims and offenders known to each other, often in familial or intimate relationships
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49. Assault within Families
Family privacy
Family violence is difficult to research because the family as a social institution is private
Discussion of violence among family members violates this privacy
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50. Assault within Families
Early research found women much more likely than men to be victims of domestic violence
NIBRS data suggest that slightly more than half of all violent crimes involved victims and offenders who were related – most were assaults
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51. Assault within Families
Women are more likely to be the victims of assaults within the family than in the general population

52. Intimate-Partner Assault
Assaultive behavior between individuals involved in an intimate relationship
Separation assault
a particularly violent response by the male partner that occurs after a woman leaves a violent relationship

53. Workplace Violence
Includes murder, rape, robbery, and assault committed against persons at work or on duty
Types include:
Violent acts by criminals with no other connection with the workplace
Violence directed at employees by those for whom an organization provides services
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54. Workplace Violence Types include:
Violence against coworkers, supervisors, or managers by a present or former employee
Violence by someone who does not work there but who has a personal relationship with an employee

55. Hate Crimes
Crimes motivated by hatred, bias, or prejudice based on the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation of another individual or group
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56. Hate Crimes
1990 Hate Crime Statistics Act mandated collection of statistics on hate crimes
Bias against people with disabilities added in 1994
Violence against LGBT added in 2009

57. Role of Hate Groups Hate groups
KKK, Aryan Nations, National Alliance, etc.
Existed for many years
Most hate crimes not committed by hate groups
Majority of hate crimes are committed by teens, primarily white males, acting alone or in groups

58. Stalking
Conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated visual or physical proximity, nonconsensual communication, and or verbal, written or implied threats, or a combination thereof, that would cause a reasonable person fear
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59. Stalking
Antistalking laws consider the totality of the circumstances, rather than viewing behaviors in isolation from each other

60. Types of Stalkers Rejected stalkers Intimacy-seeking stalkers
Incompetent suitors
Resentful vendetta-motivated stalkers
Predatory stalkers

61. Victim-Offender Relationships in Stalking
Majority of victims are women, majority of stalkers are men
Most victims between years of age
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62. Victim-Offender Relationships in Stalking
Majority of victims know their stalkers
Women more likely to be stalked by intimate partner
Men more likely to be stalked by stranger or acquaintance

63. Stalking in Intimate-Partner Relationships
Stalking in intimate-partner relationships can occur before or after relationship ends, or both
Other forms of violence often accompany stalking
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64. Stalking in Intimate-Partner Relationships
Men who stalked former wives more likely than non-stalking ex-husbands to engage in emotionally abuse and controlling behavior towards wife

65. Consequences of Stalking
Consequences negatively affecting victims’ lives
Increased concern about personal safety
Need for counseling
Time lost from work
Self-protective measures
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66. Consequences of Stalking
Women more likely to report stalking to police than men
Reasons for failure to report fairly general

67. Cyberstalking
The use of electronic communications ( , the Internet) to harass individuals
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68. Cyberstalking Recommendations to help control cyberstalking include:
Review of all state stalking laws to ensure they include provisions for cyberstalking
Amendments to federal laws
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69. Cyberstalking Recommendations to help control cyberstalking include:
Training on cyberstalking for law enforcement
Web site with information on cyberstalking