1. Blood
A multi-dimensional connective tissue: Vital for transporting materials from the outside world to your cells

2. I Vant to Teach you BLOOD..
The concentration of water, electrolytes, and blood cell count varies by individual
Adults have about 5 liters
A hematocrit (HCT) is the percentage of cells, usually about 45%

3. Blood Components
Plasma
Red Blood Cells
White Blood cells
Platelets

4. Plasma Mostly water Amino acids Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Vitamins
Hormones
Electrolytes
Cellular wastes

5. Red Blood Cells: Erythrocytes
Bi-concave disks
Contain hemoglobin (33% by volume), which turns to oxyhemoglobin when exposed to oxygen
They lose their nucleus as they mature
Red blood cell counts range from million cells/cubic mm for males, and for adult females million cells/mm3.

6. Destruction Of Erythrocytes
Macrophages (stay tuned) gobble up damaged erythrocytes, mostly takes place in the liver and spleen
Hemoglobin breaks down into Heme, (which further breaks down into biliverdin) and Globin, a protein.
Heme is recycled, biliverdin breaks down further into bilirubin and ends up in bile, giving it its characteristic color.

7. Erythrocyte Formation
Called hematopoiesis
In yolk sac, liver, spleen, but primarily in red marrow in adults
Life span: 120 days
Erythropoietin controls RBC formation: hormone released by the liver and kidneys
Hemocytoblasts are blood stem cells
B-complex vitamins help in RBC formation
Anemia: Too few RBC’s or hemoglobin on them

8. White Blood Cells: Leukocytes
Granulocytes: granular cytoplasm
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes: Not granular
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

9. Leukocytes

10. Granulocytes Twice as large as erythrocytes Develop in red marrow
Life span of 12 hours

11. Granulocytes
Neutrophils: Lobed nucleus, fine granules, stain pink, 54-62% of leukocytes in blood
Eosinophils: course, uniform granules, stain red, bilobed nucleus, 1-3% of leuk.
Basophils: Similar in appearance to eosinophils but they have irregularly shaped granules, stain blue. 1% of Leuk.

12. Agranulocytes
Monocytes: largest blood cells, nuclei vary, 3-9% of leukocytes
Lymphocytes: Slightly larger than RBCs, large, round nucleus, 25-33% of circulating leukocytes, live for years

13. White Blood Cell Counts
Number of white blood cells in a cubic millimeter of human blood
Usually cells
Leukocytosis: Indicates severe infection, exceeding 10,000 per millimeter
Leukopenia: cell count below 5000.
Differential White Blood Cell Count: lists relative proportions of white blood cells

14. Functions of White Blood Cells
Neutrophil: Phagocytize small particles
Eosinophil: Kills parasites, helps control inflammation and allergic reactions
Basophil: Releases heparin and histamine
Monocytes: Phagocytizes large particles
Lymphocytes: Provides immunity

15. Platelets Called Thrombocytes Cell fragments Arise form megokaryocytes
Half the size of rbc’s
Moves by ameboid movement
Lives 10 days
Platelet count of per mm3
Close breaks in vessels, clot blood

16. Plasma Clear, yellowish liquid 92% water Contain: Plasma proteins
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

17. Plasma Proteins Most abundant of dissolved chemicals
Contain albumins, Globulins and fibrinogen

18. Albumins 60% of proteins by weight, but smallest in size Made by liver
Important in determining Osmotic Pressure of blood
Regulates water movement into and out of the blood, and hence blood pressure

19. Globulins 36% of plasma proteins Alpha, beta, gamma
Liver makes alpha and beta globulins, which transport fats and fat soluble vitamins
Lymphatic system produces gamma globulins which are a type of antibody

20. Fibrinogen 4% of plasma proteins Blood coagulation Made in liver
Largest of plasma proteins

21. Nutrients and Gases Amino acids Simple sugars Nucleotides
Lipids (triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol)
Lipoproteins: apoproteins on outer layer can bond with cell receptors

22. Lipoproteins Apoproteins
Less lipids per protein: HDL: delivers leftover chylomicrons which have lost their triglycerides
More lipids per protein: LDL: carry cholesterol, delivers to body cells and liver
VLDL: transmits liver made triglycerides to body cells
Chylomicrons: triglycerides absorbed from intestine, transmits to body tissues.
The liver ditches excess cholesterol by excreting it into the liver and as bile salts

23. More Plasma: Non-proteins
Nonprotein nitrogenous substances
Urea
Amino acids
Uric acid
Plasma electrolytes:
Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate and sulfate ions
Gases:
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide

24. Hemostasis Stoppage of bleeding Includes: Blood vessel spasm
Platelet plug formation
Blood coagulation

25. Blood Vessel Spasm
Vasospasm: Blood vessel smooth muscle contracts, limiting blood escape
Platelets release serotonin which causes further smooth muscle contraction

26. Platelet Plug Formation
Platelets stick to any rough surface (like the ragged edge of a broken vessel), and to collagen in connective tissue
Platelets also stick together

27. Blood Coagulation Forms blood clot
Many clotting factors get the job done: Some enhance clotting, some inhibit it.
Fibrin, tissue thromboplastin, prothrombin activator.