1. Struktur Hewan

2. Structure of Animals Cells -basic unit of an animal’s structure
-become specialized
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Tissues
-made of cells that work together to perform a specific function
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Organs
-made of different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function
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Organ Systems
-made of organs that work together to perform a specific function
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Organisms

3. Unicellular Organisms
“uni-” = one
Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms
Some algae, some protists, and some eukaryotes (yeasts), are unicellular
Can still do everything they need to stay alive
Benefits over multicellular organisms:
Need fewer resources
Can live in harsher conditions

4. Two basic types of cells
1. prokaryote – cell without nucleus and other membrane bounded organelles.
e.g eubacteria and archaebacteria
2. Eukaryote – cell with nucleus and membrane bounded organelles.
e. g. protists, fungi, plants, animals.

5. Animal Cell

7. Multicellular Organisms
“multi-” = more than one
Plants, animals, some protists, and most fungi are multicellular
Start as a single cell  many cells  cells differentiate (change) into different types of cells  cells group together
Characteristic
Larger size = have less predators and have more options of things to eat
Longer life – organism will continue to live even if a single cell dies
Specialization – each type of cell has a specific job, making the organism more efficient

9. Cell membrane- osmoregulator, semi-permeable, phospholipid bilayer, fluid mosaic model.

14. Cytoplasm Gel-like mixture Surrounded by cell membrane
Contains hereditary material

15. Nucleus Directs cell activities
Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
Contains genetic material - DNA

16. Cytoplasm- fluid portion containing the nucleus and the rest of the organelles.
Eukaryotes contain more genetic material than prokaryotes. Histones—proteins unique to eukaryotes—combine with the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to pack the genetic material into compact chromosomes. The nuclear material is enclosed in a nuclear envelope formed of a double membrane. The fluid portion is nucleoplasm (karyoplasm or karyolymph. The nucleolus synthesize RNA. The pores are called nuclear pores

17. Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers
Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus

18. Chromosomes In nucleus Made of DNA
Contain instructions for traits & characteristics

21. Nucleolus Inside nucleus Contains RNA to build proteins

22. RNA- Ribonucleic acid
The mRNA molecule is ribbon-like, and is synthesized from DNA in a process called “transcription” in which the genetic code is transcribed from the DNA to the mRNA.

23. Types of RNA
The mRNA joins temporarily to the anticodon of the tRNA. This protein building process takes place in the ribosomes of a cell, which consist largely of rRNA. The large and small subunits of a ribosome are marked in the third illustration above.©
Transfer RNA is instrumental in the “translation” of the genetic code. Transfer RNAs are small structures in the form of “four-leaf clovers”. They each carry an amino acid that is added to the end of a growing protein chain.
Ribosomal RNA

25. Ribosomes Each cell contains thousands Make proteins
Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell

26. Protein synthesis

27. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Moves materials around in cell
Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface

28. Mitochondria
Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates
Controls level of water and other materials in cell
Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

29. Golgi Bodies Protein 'packaging plant' Move materials within the cell
Move materials out of the cell

30. Lysosome Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal
Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

33. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
mitochondrion
nucloeolus
nucleus
nuclear membrane
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

35. The smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth ER) isolates and transports lipids.
The ribosomes which are attached to the rough ER make the proteins. The rough ER isolates and transports these proteins. Some ribosomes are not attached to the rough ER and exists free within the cytoplasm.
Both types of ER are continuous with the nuclear membrane.

39. Mitochondrion- respiratory site of the cells (ATP)

40. Vesicles become pinched from the rough ER
Vesicles become pinched from the rough ER. These join together to become the Golgi body (apparatus).
The proteins become packaged and processed here. Eg. A carbohydrate may be added to produce a glycoprotein.
Part of the Golgi body containing the packaged protein will be pinched off to form the secretory vesicles.
These in turn merge with the plasma membrane and the packaged protein will be secreted from the cell.

47. Two main ways in which animal cells are bound together

48. Four functional classes of cell junctions in animal tissues

50. Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems

51. Cells Cells can be specialized (have a certain function)
Function = job
Function is related to the cell structure
Structure = how parts of the cell are put together
Shape
Material it’s made from
Structure of a brain cell is different from muscle cell

52. Tissues
Tissue = group of cells that work together to do a specific job
Ex: Heart muscle tissue is made of heart muscle cells
Animals have 4 types of tissue: nerve, muscle, connective, protective

53. Organs
Organ = structure that is made up of 2 or more tissues working together to get a specific job done
Ex: Stomach – muscle tissue moves food, special tissues make chemicals to digest food, connective tissue holds stomach together, nervous tissue sends messages back and forth between the stomach and brain

55. Organ Systems
Organ system = group of organs working together to perform a specific function
Each organ system has a specific job
Ex: Digestive system is made of several organs including the stomach and intestines