1. London Buses Hybrid Bus Strategy
Mike Winter
Fleet Development Manager
London Buses

2. Bus Network size and scale
Buses operate 24 hours per day, 7 days per week
6.4 million journeys per weekday; 2257m journeys in 2009/10
Approximately 700 routes
8,600 + buses
19,500 bus stops

3. Usage and service levels

4. Bus usage in London

5. Environmental Priorities
Climate Change
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide
Air Quality
Fine particles (PM10)
Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Noise and vibration
Drive by noise
Idling buses
Engine/fan noise

6. CO2 impact of the bus fleet
5% of London’s transport CO2 emissions come from buses
Buses are largest contributor to TfL’s CO2 footprint accounting for 38% of emissions
Network consumes 280 million litres of diesel per year
640,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions produced per annum

7. Environmental Achievements
Emissions
Environmental improvements largely driven by the Mayor’s Air Quality Strategy
Developed a London bus specific emission tests protocol to evaluate new fuels and technologies before they enter the fleet

8. Environmental Achievements (continued)
Emissions
All buses achieved minimum of E2 + DPF emission standards in December 2005
All buses were fitted with a particulate filter by December – fleet emissions reduced by approx 90% compared with 2000 for PM10, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide
At March 2010, 76% of the 8624 fleet achieves the E3 + DPF or better standard
Noise
Introduced more stringent drive by noise standard to ensure London buses perform better than legal requirement – 3dBA lower than EC limit required
Introduced a new drive by test representative of London environment – incorporates acceleration and auxiliary equipment in operation as a requirement

9. London Buses - Key Facts
Fleet Growth and Age Profile
2001, 6593 ave 9.0 yrs old
2010, 8624 ave 6.1 yrs old
24% Euro 2 + DPF
48% Euro 3 + DPF
19% Euro 4
5% Euro 5
4% EEV

10. Hybrid Trials
The first single-deck diesel electric hybrid buses were introduced in March 2006
Each supplier has developed a variation in the hybrid technology that provides an extensive review of most known systems
Variations include
Single and double-deck buses
Series, parallel and blended systems
Gel lead acid, Nickel metal hydride and Lithium Iron batteries
Engines options from 2.4ltr to 6ltr
Control systems from BAE, Siemens, Allison, Enova and Volvo
The evaluation process will cover
3 Single deck products
3 Double deck products
7 Operators
10 Routes in London
3 single-deck products: WrightBus/ADL E200H/Optare Tempo
3 double-deck: WrightBus Gem/ADL E400H/Volvo hybrid {Wrights body}
Operators: (1) GAG (2) TVL (3) ARL (4) TDG (5) FRG (6) ELB (7) MGT
Routes: 141/276/E8/16/328/371/428/129/360/24

11. Initial emissions tests at Millbrook showed significant reduction in DD hybrid emissions compared to Euro IV:
31% reduction in fuel consumption/CO2
33% reduction in particulates
12% reduction in NOx
98% reduction in carbon monoxide
76% reduction in hydrocarbons
5 dBA noise reduction on EC drive by test
TfL committed a programme of up to 60 hybrid buses from any manufacturer that could provide a hybrid bus meeting London's specifications
Currently the London trial has 56 hybrid buses from all previous diesel bus suppliers
Hybrid Trials

12. Hybrid Performance
PERIOD 2 MPG
PERIOD 2 YTD MPG

13. Hybrid Performance
Resulting from emissions testing and in service results TfL have in the latest specification requirements set maximum CO2 and other emissions standards for hybrid buses.
CO2 Requirements
TfL DD Hybrid requirement 850g/km Tailpipe
Typical DD E g/km Tailpipe
TfL SD Hybrid requirement 700g/km Tailpipe
Typical SD E g/km Tailpipe
Green Bus Fund requirement g/km Well to Wheel
Euro 5 Minimum

14. Future Hybrid Programme
6 hybrid buses have been awarded on a commercial basis to operate on route 360
Green Bus Fund – TfL secured £5m to fund an additional 50 hybrid buses
Proposed roll out into fleet of successful trial buses
Up to 300 by 2012
After 2012 all new buses entering the fleet will be of hybrid technology
Normally between 500 to 700 buses per year as annual intake

15. Hybrid buses survey
TfL conducted as passenger survey in 2009 on all hybrid buses in the trial.
1,213 on-bus passenger interviews and 40 bus driver interviews
Support for hybrid buses is very high.
96% of customers supported the introduction of hybrid buses with 81% strongly supporting their introduction.
All bus drivers welcome the introduction of hybrid buses:
for environmental benefits;
for the smoother, quieter ride
Driver’s remark of the improved driving experience of the hybrids:
“Hybrid buses make it better for the customer. They can listen to their music or talk to their friends without having to shout over the noise of the engine. Plus, the engine being quiet makes it easier for us drivers to concentrate.” (Driver, Go-Ahead)
All hybrid buses were liked for being quieter, and almost all give a smoother ride compared to diesel their diesel counterparts on the same route
Passenger’s liked the appearance of most hybrid buses and found selected models comfortable

16. Hybrid Introduction Programme
Hybrid Bus Types
WrightBus, ADL, Optare, Volvo

17. Fuel cell bus trial
Completed three year trial in December 2007 of running three Daimler Chrysler fuel cell buses in service as part of CUTE/Hyfleet:CUTE The project was part funded by EC
Very good operational availability achieved for the buses – 90% on average
Main limitation is the high fuel consumption and range of the vehicles
Next generation vehicle will address this through hybridisation

18. Future environmental programmes
Mayor’s Climate Change Action Plan sets target of 60% CO2 reduction across London by 2025
Strategy will focus on reducing carbon dioxide, with priority given to those initiatives that also reduce air pollution and noise
Short term:
Continue research and development programme to test new fuels and technologies that may offer environmental benefits
Introduce fuel efficient driving programme
Medium term:
Introduce diesel electric-hybrid technology
Long term:
Move towards zero emission technology such as hydrogen and fuel cells

19. Hydrogen Hybrid Fuel Cell bus for 2010
London Buses is now taking steps towards a hydrogen bus programme to build on the success of the CUTE project
A fleet of 5 hydrogen buses will be operated on route RV1 starting in The technology will be hybrid hydrogen fuel cell provided from ISE in the USA.
A dedicated hydrogen refuelling facility will be built at the bus depot – main objective will be reliability, but consideration will be given to reducing CO2 emissions where possible
Aim to achieve operation as close as possible to diesel buses
Full route peak vehicle requirement operated by Hybrid Hydrogen Fuel Cell buses
18 hours per day with 370km range without refuelling
364 days per year
Five year contract
Fast refuelling of buses in quick succession

20. Conclusions
An expanding bus fleet catering for both population increase and the move to sustainable transport
Great progress made so far in reducing local pollutants, especially particulates, from the bus fleet
Next step is to address carbon dioxide – challenge will be to reduce emissions in the short term whilst there is continued network growth
Hybrids will start to make a substantial reduction in CO2 emissions over the medium term
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology forms part of the long term vision as commercialisation unlikely until

21. Total annual bus emission trends
2003/04 – 2014/15
Retrofitting of particulate filters on diesel buses has resulted in the reduction of PM10 to 10 tonnes in 2009.
CO2 and Nox have increased due to fleet enlargement – they have not been directly addressed (PM10 is more dangerous pollutant)

22. Total annual bus emissions trends per bus 2005/06 – 2013/14
Retrofitting of particulate filters on diesel buses has resulted in the reduction of PM10 to 10 tonnes in 2009.
CO2 and Nox have increased due to fleet enlargement – they have not been directly addressed (PM10 is more dangerous pollutant)

23. Total annual bus emissions per passenger km 2005/06 – 2014/15
Retrofitting of particulate filters on diesel buses has resulted in the reduction of PM10 to 10 tonnes in 2009.
CO2 and Nox have increased due to fleet enlargement – they have not been directly addressed (PM10 is more dangerous pollutant)