1. Diesel Retrofit Technology Options
Frequently, presenters must deliver material of a technical nature to an audience unfamiliar with the topic or vocabulary. The material may be complex or heavy with detail. To present technical material effectively, use the following guidelines from Dale Carnegie Training®.
Consider the amount of time available and prepare to organize your material. Narrow your topic. Divide your presentation into clear segments. Follow a logical progression. Maintain your focus throughout. Close the presentation with a summary, repetition of the key steps, or a logical conclusion.
Keep your audience in mind at all times. For example, be sure data is clear and information is relevant. Keep the level of detail and vocabulary appropriate for the audience. Use visuals to support key points or steps. Keep alert to the needs of your listeners, and you will have a more receptive audience.
October 18, 2006

2. Diesel Exhaust Complex mixture of gases and fine particles
Gaseous fraction---nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor & air pollutants, such as: carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, volatile organics, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and aldehydes
Ultrafine particles (PM) with chemicals adsorbed

3. Primary Pollutants Emitted from Diesel Engines :
Particulate Matter (PM)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Ozone Precursors
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
41 chemicals that are classified as “hazardous air pollutants” under The Clean Air Act

4. Health Effects
Health studies show that exposure to diesel exhaust primarily affects the respiratory system and worsens asthma, allergies, bronchitis, and lung function. There is some evidence that diesel exhaust exposure can increase the risk of heart problems, premature death, and lung cancer.

5. Populations at Highest Risk
Children: More susceptible to air pollution because their respiratory systems are still developing and they breath at a faster rate.
Elderly
Those with pre-existing conditions such as: asthma, chronic bronchitis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and lung cancer.
Those living in Ozone & PM non-attainment areas.

6. Emission Reduction Strategies
Emission Standards
Fuel Standards
Idle Reduction
Retrofit Technology
Random and Periodic Emission Testing

7. Federal Regulations 2006 Rule Fuel
Diesel sulfur levels reduced from 500 ppm to 15ppm (97% reduction)
Beginning mid 2006; Full implementation 2007
Technology Enabler
2007 HDDE Rule
90%+ emission reductions
Begins with Engine model year 2007

8. HD Diesel Emission Standards
(g/bhp-hr)
Current Emission Standards
Model Year 2007 Standards
Percent Reduction PM
0.07
0.01
86%
NOx
4.0
0.2
95% HC
1.3
n/a CO
15.5 0%
NMHC
0.14

9. Maryland Regulations Idling Unattended Motor Vehicle
Diesel Vehicle Emission Control Program (Roadside Smoke Opacity Testing)

10. Maryland’s Idling Regulations
Engines may not be allowed to idle more than 5 consecutive minutes, except as follows:
Stopped due to traffic conditions or mechanical difficulties
Operate heating and cooling or auxiliary equipment
Bring engine to manufacturer’s recommended operating temperature
Accomplish the intended use of the vehicle

11. Unattended Motor Vehicle
Duty of driver upon leaving unattended vehicle.- Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, a person driving or otherwise in charge of a motor vehicle may not leave it unattended until the engine is stopped, the ignition locked, the key removed, and the brake effectively set.
Animals left in vehicles.- When a cat or dog is left in the unattended vehicle of an on-duty law enforcement officer or an animal control officer, the provisions of subsection (a) of this section do not apply to the law enforcement officer or the animal control officer.

12. Random Roadside Smoke Opacity Testing
Vehicles must meet smoke opacity standards according to the engine model year. The smoke standards are a maximum smoke opacity of:
40% for model years 1991 and newer.
55% for model years
70% for model years 1973 and older.
If a vehicle is found to have exceeded the applicable standards, a Safety Equipment Repair Order (SERO) is issued to the driver.
The owner must have the vehicle brought into compliance within 30 days. Failure to do so can result in the suspension of vehicle’s registration.

13. Examples of what to look for: Relative Smoke Opacity 25% 100% 40% 50%
80%
Relative Smoke Opacity

14. DVECP Statistics Number of Valid Initial Tests = 5,321
Overall Fail Rate = 15.3%
79.9% Average Initial Failing Opacity
25.0% Average Retest Opacity
67.7% Improvement upon Retest
To report smoking vehicles call:
(MSP) or (MDE)

15. Why Retrofit? Approximately 11 million pre 2007 HDDVs on the road
These vehicles can stay in-use for over 20 years

16. Idle Reduction Technology Options
Electronic Idle Limiters
Idle Shutdown System
Automatic Stop-Start System
Auxiliary Devices
Fuel-Fired Heaters
Auxiliary Power Units (APU)
Truck Stop Electrification
Advanced TSE
Shore Power

17. Common Retrofit Technology Options
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)
Closed Crankcase Ventilation Filtration (CCVF) System
Engine Reflash (International T444E Engines)
Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)

18. Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel
Effective October 15, 2006, on-road diesel fuel sulfur content < 15 ppm.
Advantages/Disadvantages
Transparent
No Engine/Vehicle Modifications
Technology Enabler
Emission Reductions
- Cost
Availability
Dedicated Distribution/Handling

19. Diesel Oxidation Catalyst
Definition: A DOC is a device that uses a chemical process to break down pollutants in the exhaust stream into less harmful components.
Advantages/Disadvantages
No Special Fuel Requirements
Minimal Exhaust Modification
Proven Technology (OEM Option)
Cost Effective
No Maintenance
- Moderate Emission Reductions (Compared to DPF)

20. Diesel Oxidation Catalyst
Carbon
SOF
NOx CO HC
Carbon
NOx
Water
Oxidation catalysts oxidize CO, hydrocarbons (HCs) and the soluble organic fraction (SOF) to reduce PM, CO, HCs, and toxic emissions

21. Closed Crankcase Ventilation Filtration System
Definition: Crankcase filtration systems allow the crankcase to be closed.
Advantages/Disadvantages
No Special Fuel Requirements
Decreases In-cabin Emissions
Proven Technology (New OEM Option)
Low Cost
- Requires Maintenance – Change CCVF Filter with oil change
- Unique Installation Considerations

22. International T-444E Engine Reflash
Definition: “Reflashing” the engine is a process that involves reconfiguring the computer control chip. This will recalibrate the engine and lowers its NOx emissions. Must also use a DOC or PM trap.
Advantages/Disadvantages
No Special Fuel Requirements
NOx Reductions
Proven Technology (OEM Option)
No Change in Performance (Mileage, Power)
- Limited to T-444E Engine, Model Years
- Must Use EPA Verified Package DOC (Engelhard)

23. Diesel Particulate Filters
+ High Reduction of HC, CO, and PM
+ Easy to install
+ Widely available
Requires ULSD Fuel
Minimum Temperature/Duration Requirements
Requires periodic maintenance
- High cost

24. Diesel Particulate Filter Technology
Trapped Soot
Cell Plugs
Exhaust In (Soot, CO, HC) Enter
Exhaust (CO2, H2O) Out

25. Verified Retrofit Technology Emission Reductions

26. MDE Retrofit Project Summary

27. 2004 Mitsubishi Load Packer - DOC

28. 2002 International BUS-CCVF

29. Other Verified Retrofit Technologies
Emulsified Fuel- up to 50% PM, 10 to 15% NOx
Biodiesel (B-20 up to 7% PM, 4% NOx)
Fuel Borne Catalyst
Lean-NOx catalysts
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)

30. Lessons Learned Conduct Outreach to Local Jurisdictions
Build Partnerships
Develop an Inventory of Potential Projects
Develop Realistic Project Schedules
Understand which events you can and can not control

31. MDE Contact Information
Marcia Ways
(410)
Tim Shepherd
(410)
Lonnie Richmond
(410)

32. Maryland Department of the Environment
Robert L. Ehrlich, Jr., Governor
Michael S. Steele, Lt. Governor
Kendl P. Philbrick, Secretary
Jonas A. Jacobson, Deputy Secretary