1. A Critical Analysis of Environmental Provisions in the Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) in the Asia-Pacific I-Ju Chen 24th February 2017

2. Contents I. PTAs and the Asia-Pacific II
Contents I. PTAs and the Asia-Pacific II. Analysis of Environmental Provisions III. Assessment of TPP IV. Challenges and Opportunities

3. I. PTAs and the Asia-Pacific
Western and Asian countries

4. I. PTAs and the Asia-Pacific
Developed and
Developing countries

5. II. Analysis of Environmental Provisions ❖26 PTAs ❖Forms ∙ in PTAs ∙ in a side environmental agreement ❖Three categories are identified: ∙ Substance ∙ Institutional mechanisms ∙ Enforcement

6. 26 PTAs that incorporate environmental provisions:
AUSFTA: Australia and the US Free Trade Agreement (2005)
ACFTA: Australia and Chile Free Trade Agreement (2008)
BJEPA: Brunei and Japan Economic Promotion Agreement (2007)
CCFTA: Canada and Chile Free Trade Agreement (1997)
CMFTA 1999: Chile and Mexico Free Trade Agreement (1999)
CCnFTA 2005: Chile and China Free Trade Agreement (2005)
CPFTA 2008: Canada and Peru Free Trade Agreement (2008)
CnPFTA 2009: China and Peru Free Trade Agreement (2009)
CAFTA 2015: China and Australia Free Trade Agreement (2015)
CKFTA 2015: Canada and Korea Free Trade Agreement (2015)
JMEPA 2005: Japan and Malaysia Economic Promotion Agreement (2005)
JAEPA 2014: Japan and Australia Economic Promotion Agreement (2014)

7. KCFTA 2003: Korea and Chile Free Trade Agreement (2003)
KSFTA 2005: Korea and Singapore Free Trade Agreement (2005)
KORUS 2012: Korea and US Free Trade Agreement (2012)
KAFTA 2014: Korea and Australia Free Trade Agreement (2014)
MAFTA 2013: Malaysia and Australia Free Trade Agreement (2013)
NAFTA 1994: The North American Free Trade Agreement (1994)
SAFTA 2003: Singapore and Australia Free Trade Agreement (2003)
SEP 2005: Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement between Brunei, Chile, New Zealand and Singapore (2005)
SCFTA 2008: Singapore and China Free Trade Agreement (2008)
TAFTA 2005: Thailand and Australia Free Trade Agreement (2005)
USSFTA 2003: US and Singapore Free Trade Agreement (2003)
UPTPA 2006: US and Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (2006)
UCFTA 2004: US and Chile Free Trade Agreement (2004)
VCFTA 2014: Vietnam and Chile Free Trade Agreement (2014)

8. II. Analysis of Substance ❖Findings Reflected in trade and investment; Avoid green protectionism; Higher Protection after 2013 (Exception: Australia’s FTAs with Chia, Japan and Malaysia); Broader protection in PTAs of Western countries ❖Comments: Effectiveness of the PTAs

9. II. Analysis of Institutional Mechanisms ❖Findings: Environmental institutions and assessments; Canada’s Foreign Investment Protection and Promotion Agreements: request of environmental assessments ❖Comments: Operation of institutional mechanisms

10. II. Analysis of Enforcement ❖Findings: Types: investigatory, prosecutorial, regulatory and compliance; Access to Remedies and Procedural Requirements; Dispute Settlement Mechanisms ❖Comments: Available but seldom be used; the absence in the Asian PTAs

11. III. Assessment of TPP ❖Summary of the analysis of existing PTAs ❖Greener? Yes Factors: Broad Scope: Fishing, marine conservation and pollution, logging, ozone. Removing tariffs on numerous environmental goods; enforcement: monetary fines and trade sanctions ❖Criticisms of TPP

12. IV. Challenges and Opportunities ❖Provisions of specific environmental matters ❖Gap of environmental standards ❖Regional environmental governance by a RTA: TPP or RCEP? Image: David Kleimann

13. Thank you. 