1. Australia and Oceania

2. The Land
Australia, both a country and a continent, encompasses mountains, central lowlands, and expansive deserts. Rich mineral deposits and productive farms and ranches contribute to the Australian economy.
Oceania’s thousands of islands extend across the southern Pacific Ocean. The islands of Oceania were formed either directly or indirectly by volcanic activity.

3. New Zealand

4. New Zealand is made up of two main islands and a number of smaller islands. The main North and South Islands are separated by the Cook Strait, only 14 miles wide at its narrowest point. Besides the North and South Islands, the five largest inhabited islands are Stewart Island, the Chatham Islands, Great Barrier Island (in the Hauraki Gulf), d'Urville Island (in the Marlborough Sounds) and Waiheke Island (about 14 miles from central Auckland).

5. New Zealand’s main features are two large islands with mountain ranges, rivers, and lakes. The country boasts rich soil and timberland.

6. Climate and Vegetation
Australia generally has a hot, dry climate. Along the edges of the vast interior desert, the steppe receives sufficient rainfall for raising livestock. Only the coastal climates provide enough rainfall for growing crops without irrigation

7. Oceania enjoys a warm, moist tropical climate
Oceania enjoys a warm, moist tropical climate. Most islands have wet and dry seasons. The amount of rain during the wet season determines whether shrubs and grasses or dense rain forests will grow. New Zealand’s marine west coast climate provides year-round rainfall, with temp. that vary without being extreme.

8. Antarctica

9. Antarctica’s extremely cold and windy climate supports primarily lichens and mosses. Antarctica is an ice-covered continent. While Antarctica may have important mineral resources, its key resource is the information it offers to scientists

10. Population Patterns
Many different peoples settled in the South Pacific, resulting in diverse cultures and lifestyles.
The population of the South Pacific is unevenly distributed because both the physical geography and the climate differ dramatically from place to place and because many areas can’t support life.

11. Migration between and within South Pacific countries has influenced pop. patterns and caused a blending of cultures.

12. History and Government
Many of the area’s earliest inhabitants came from Oceania and survived by fishing, gathering, and farming.
Although European countries discovered many of these islands in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, their remoteness insulated them from the rest of the world. These islands became rest and re-supply stations for traveling Europeans.
Australia, New Zealand, and a number of Pacific islands are independent; a few island groups are still under foreign rule.

13. Culture and Lifestyles
The culture of the South Pacific is a mixture of Western and indigenous lifestyles.
Some people in the area still live in traditional villages; others live in modern urban areas.
Modern technology helps provide services to people in some remote areas.

14. Australian Slang ace – excellent ‘ang on – wait a moment
by crickey – an expression of surprise
chewy – chewing gum
dinky-di – genuine
dunny – an outside toilet
fair go – a chance; also an appeal for fairness
hooroo – goodbye
mackas - McDonalds
mexicans - people from the state south of yours
outback – the inland country far away from large cities
no-hopper – incompetent person
ranga - person with red hair
shonky – poor quality
Australian Slang

15. Southeast Asia: the Land
Mountains and Volcanoes
Mountains on islands for part of the Ring of Fire. Are actually volcanoes and many are still active. Has left behind rich soil making the islands great for farming.

16. Southeast Asia: Climate and Vegetation
Tropical Wet Climate
Island and coastal areas. Little variation in temperature and mostly wet conditions year round.
79°F average temp creates hot, humid and rainy conditions inches of rain annually % humidity.

17. Australia:
Mountains and Plateaus
Great Dividing Range only mountain range. Most rivers start there.
Western Plateau- low are of flat land in central and western Australia. 2/3rds of continent. Called Outback. Great Sandy, Great Victoria, and Gibson Deserts.
Nullarbor Plain- south of Great Victoria Desert. Treeless land that ends in cliffs.

18. Central Lowlands
Great Dividing Range and Western Plateau separated by the central Lowlands. Get rain once and awhile. Most of the year it is dry.
Murray River and Darling River provide water for irrigation in the southeast. Great Artesian Basin to the south of the lowlands. This is a place where they raise livestock. Water too salty for humans or crops.

19. Great Barrier Reef
Northeastern coast. World’s largest coral reef. It is a national park because it is home to so many species of animals and plants.
String of more than 2,500 small reefs. Formed from coral and extends 1,250 miles.

20. Natural Resources
10% of land can be farmed. Agriculture still important.
1/4th world’s bauxite and high quality opals. Deposits of coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, gold, nickel, and petroleum. Make it one of the world’s major mining areas.

21. Oceania: Island Groups
Thousands of islands extending across millions of square miles make up Oceania. Created by tectonic plates and volcanic hot spots.
Classified into three groups, based on location, how they were formed, and cultures. Melanesia: “black islands.” lies north and east of Australia. Micronesia: “Little islands.” north of Melanesia. Polynesia: “many islands.” go from Midway Island to New Zealand.

22. Island Types
High islands: earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Mountain ranges split by valleys. Not a lot of agriculture.
Low Islands: Atolls- ring shaped islands. Encircle lagoons. Little soil and few natural resources.
Continental Islands: rising and folding of ancient rock. Most of the large islands. Plains, swamps, rivers. Have most of the mineral deposits. Oil, gold, nickel, and copper.

23. New Zealand
North and South Islands display sandy beaches, emerald hillsides, and snow tipped mountains.
Northern Island- central plateau of volcanic stone features hot springs and several active volcanoes. Mount Ruapehu.

24. South Island- Southern Alps along the western edge
South Island- Southern Alps along the western edge. Maori named the highest peak Aorangi which means cloud piercer (Mount Cook) 12,316 ft. The Canterbury Plains on the eastern coast feature fertile volcanic soil. Half farming and half livestock. Sheep and wool products dominate exports. Hydroelectric power and geothermal energy.

25. Australian Climate
Tropical climates in the northeast, deserts in the interior, and mid-latitude temperate areas along eastern, southern, and western coasts. Rainfall makes all the difference.
December to March- subtropical high pressure air masses block moist winds from reaching Western Plateau.
Steppe areas encircle deserts. Gets more rainfall. More vegetation. 10 to 20 inches of rain.

26. Coastal areas have more moist climates
Coastal areas have more moist climates. Northeastern climate averages 80 inches and is a humid subtropical climate. This is where the majority of agriculture is.

27. Oceania and New Zealand
Most of Oceania lies between Equator and Tropic of Capricorn. Tropical wet climate. Warm year round. Wet and dry seasons. Tropical vegetations. Doldrums. Gives way to typhoons.

28. New Zealand is mostly marine west coast. Warm winters cool summers
New Zealand is mostly marine west coast. Warm winters cool summers. Elevations makes a difference. Southern Alps get average rainfall of 315 inches.

29. Antarctic Land and Climate: 5. 4 million square miles
Antarctic Land and Climate: 5.4 million square miles. 5th largest continent. Transantarctic Mountains separate into east and west. East- has the South Pole. West- has Vinson Massif- 16,066ft. Climate is colder depending on location. East has higher elevation so is colder. Lowest temp is -126°F. Some areas average right around freezing.

30. Plant and Animal Life
Most plant life is milder West Antarctica. No trees. Most animal life near the water. Penguins, whales, and seals.
Natural Resources
1% has been surveyed for minerals has coal, copper, lead, zinc, silver, gold and natural gas. Conditions of climate make it hard to get them. Restrictions placed on mining.

31. Exploration and Scientific Research
1770s Captain James Cook became the first person to cross the Antarctic Circle.
Several nations sponsored scientific exploration. Argentina, Australia, Great Britain, Chile, France, New Zealand, and Norway laid claims to land.

32. 1959 Antarctic Treaty- signed by 12 countries to keep the land for science and research. 27 countries have research stations. 4-10,000 people a year. Global warming is a major issue. Water around Antarctica is warming melting the ice.
Tourism
1958 first tourists came. 10,000 came in the 1990s. 30,000 in The tourist season is short due to weather.

33. THE PEOPLE Aborigines – Latin for “first people”
• Nomadic hunters, years ago, organized into clans
• Hunted w/boomerangs, gathered grains
• 2% of Australian population
•Many groups w/in Aborigines (like our American Indians)
• Believe in Dreamtime, a direct relationship to the beginning of time

34. Maori
• The Māori originated with settlers from eastern Polynesia, who arrived in New Zealand in several waves of canoe voyages at some time between 1250 and 1300
• Farmers lived in villages
In the 2006 census, there were an estimated 620,000 Māori in New Zealand, making up roughly 15% of the national population. They are the second-largest ethnic group in New Zealand, after European New Zealanders
Many stories from Māori mythology are analogous with stories across the Pacific Ocean.

35. Polynesia
Polynesians invented the double sailing canoe allowing colonization with transported domesticates, and terraced and canal irrigated agricultural systems were impressive.
New Zealand's palisaded earthwork fortifications and Eastern Polynesia's massive stone platforms used by competing chiefs in the Hawaiian, Society, and Marquesas Islands.

36. Europeans • 1606 – Spanish explorer de Torres
• 1770 – British Explorer James Cook; 3 expeditions; claimed E. Australia, some islands, circled Antarctica
• 1788 – Australia a penal colony
• 1850s – imperialism ended; colonists began to farm & raise livestock
• 1851 – gold discovered & rush began
• Mid 1800s – granted self-governing power from Britain

37. • 1901 – 6 states became Commonwealth of Australia
• 1900 – Australia Constitution became law
• 1901 – 6 states became Commonwealth of Australia
• Fought in both WWI & WWII, Vietnam; faced Great Depression in 1929
• Is a parliamentary democracy
– House of reps, Senate
– Prime Minister is head of government
– Monarch of GB is also monarch of Australia
– Governor-general is Queens representative in Australia (like Canada)

38. Easter Island
Easter Island is over 2,000 miles from the nearest population center, (Tahiti and Chile), making it one of the most isolated places on Earth.
It is best known for the giant stone monoliths, known as Moai, that dot the coastline.
The early settlers called the island "Te Pito O Te Henua" (Navel of The World).
Admiral Roggeveen, who came upon the island on Easter Day in 1722, named it Easter Island.
Today, the land, people and language are all referred to locally as Rapa Nui.

41. The mysterious Easter Island statues actually have bodies
The mysterious Easter Island statues actually have bodies! Archaeologists have been unearthing the statues' bodies since