1. Anatomical Terminology Anterior – front of the animal
Caudal – towards the tail of an animal
Cranial – towards the head of an animal
Deep – further from the surface
Distal – part of the limb furthest from the body
Dorsal – along the back or uppermost surface
Frontal plane – body plane that divides the animal into dorsal and ventral parts
Anatomy & Physiology TM

2. Lateral – side of an animal
Median – body plane that divides the animal into “equal” right and left halves
Posterior – rear of the animal
Proximal – part of the limb closest to the body
Sagittal – any body plane that is parallel to the median plane
Superficial – closer to the surface
Transverse – body plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts
Ventral – along the belly surface
Anatomy & Physiology TM

3. Directional Terminology
Dorsal
Dorsal
Dorsal
Dorsal
Cranial
Caudal
Ventral
Ventral
Proximal
Distal
Anterior
Posterior
Anatomy & Physiology TM

4. 3-D and Surface Planes Median Transverse Sagittal Frontal Deep
Superficial
Anatomy & Physiology TM

5. Skeletal System
Framework of structures, made of bone and cartilage that support and protect the body.
Anatomy & Physiology TM

6. AXIAL SKELETON INCLUDES: SKULL VERTEBRAE RIBS STERNUM
Anatomy & Physiology TM

7. SKULL
MANY BONES FUSED TOGETHER. THE SOFT SPOT ON THE TOP IS CALLED A FONTANEL
Anatomy & Physiology TM

8. VERTEBRAE HAVE 5 DISTINCT REGIONS
CERVICAL – verterbae of neck region
- ATLAS – called C1, first cervical vertebra; forms the joint that lets you nod “yes”
- AXIS – called C2, second cervical vertebra; forms the joints that lets you nod “no”
There are 7 cervical vertebrae in all mammals EVEN GIRAFFES
Anatomy & Physiology TM

9. 2. THORACIC – vertebrae of body region, always a rib attached and a spine on top
“true ribs’ : directly attach to sternum with cartilage
“false ribs” connect to each other with cartilage, not the sternum
“floating ribs’ seen in the dog, have cartilage on the tips but do not attach to anything
Anatomy & Physiology TM

10. 3. LUMBAR –vertebrae of lower back
Carnivores tend to have more – probably for greater flexibility
Herbivores have short, strong backs to support large digestive and reproductive organs
Anatomy & Physiology TM

11. 4. SACRAL – vertebrae of the pelvic region
Fused together on ventral side
Herbivores tend to have more strength and support to the back
Carnivores tend to have less for flexibility
Anatomy & Physiology TM

12. 5. COCCYGEAL – vertebrae of the tail region
Used for balance
Become smaller at the end of the tail
Anatomy & Physiology TM

13. Appendicular skeleton – fore and hind limbs
Forelimb
1. scapula – shoulder blade attached with muscle
2. clavicle – the cat is the only domestic animal with a clavicle
3. humerus – forms upper arm
4. ulna – forms the elbow joint, fused with the radius in herbivores
5. Radius – forms the forearm
Anatomy & Physiology TM

14. Anatomy & Physiology TM

15. Anatomy & Physiology TM

16. Continued 6. Carpus – called knee in horses; wrist in dogs and humans
7. Metacarpals – commonly called cannon region of forelimb
Number depends on:
Humans -5
Horses accessory metacarpal
Dogs and cats – 4 plus dewclaw
Cattle – 1 that splits at bottom into cloven hoof and 2 dewclaws
Pigs – 4 ) 2 toes and 2 dewclaws
Anatomy & Physiology TM

17. 8.Proximal phalanx - P1 Bones of finger, hoof and claw
9. Internediate phalanx P2
10. Distal phalanx – P3 coffin bone in horses
11 proximal sesamoids – tucked in behind P1
12. Delta sesamoid – tucked underneath P3
Navicular bone in horses
Anatomy & Physiology TM

18. Hind limb
13. Pelvis
Tuber coxae – part of pelvis that forms point of hip
Ischiatic tuberosity – pelvis that forms “seat bones”
14. femur
15. patella – stifle in horses, knee in dogs
Anatomy & Physiology TM

19. 16. Tibia main bone of the gaskin of horse
17. Fibula – fused with tibia and considered vestigal in herbivores
18. Tarsus - hock or human ankle
19. Metatarsal – cannon region in hind limb
20. P1
21. P2
22. P3 23
Proximal and distal sesamoids
Anatomy & Physiology TM

20. Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
Axis
Vertebrae
Skull
Cervical
Sacral
Thoracic
Lumbar
Coccygeal
Atlas
Scapula
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Humerus
Ribs
Olecranon
Fibula
Tibia
Radius
Tarsals
Carpals
Metatarsals
Ulna
Phalanges
Phalanges
Sesamoids
Metacarpals
Anatomy & Physiology TM

21. Classification of Bones
Short bone – cube shaped, i.e. carpus and tarsus
Flat bone – plate of bone, i.e. scapula, rib, skull
Irregular bone – complex shaped, i.e. vertebrae
Sesamoid – small, seed-shaped bone, i.e. proximal and distal sesamoids, patella
Long bone – bone is longer that it is wide, i.e. femur, tibia, humerus, etc.
Anatomy & Physiology TM

22. Anatomy & Physiology TM

23. Bone Anatomy Diaphysis – body of long bone
Epiphysis – enlarged ends of long bones
Metaphysis – joining point of diaphysis and epiphysis
Periosteum – thin outer protective layer of bone
Medullary cavity – space within bone filled with marrow
Endosteum – thin outer protective layer lining the medullary cavity
Anatomy & Physiology TM

24. Bone Anatomy Epiphysis Diaphysis Periosteum Medullary cavity Endosteum
Bone marrow
Metaphysis
Anatomy & Physiology TM

25. - occurs in the epiphysis of long bones
Bone growth
- occurs in the epiphysis of long bones
- epiphyseal growth plates produce cartilage, which gradually turns into bone via a process called OSSIFICATION
Anatomy & Physiology TM

26. FRACTURES major categories
Simple – bone doesn’t break skin
Compound – bone breaks through skin, much more serious than previous
Complete – fracture goes completely across the bone
Incomplete – fracture does not go completely across the bone
Anatomy & Physiology TM

27. Anatomy & Physiology TM

28. Anatomy & Physiology TM

29. CLASSIFYING FRACTURES
FISSURE: incomplete break along the long axis of bone
GREENSTICK: incomplete break with one side of a bone, usually due to a bending force
TRANSVERSE: break across the bone
COMMINUTED: bone shatters in many places
Anatomy & Physiology TM

30. Bone Fractures Fissured Greenstick Transverse Comminuted
Anatomy & Physiology TM

31. Anatomy & Physiology TM

32. Healing Fractures – bones lay down a material
called fibrocartilage, which gradually turns to bone in a process called ossification
Anatomy & Physiology TM

33. Anatomy & Physiology TM

34. If the radius fractures, the ulna usually fractures too.
Anatomy
The fore limb has two bones between the wrist or carpus and the elbow joint: the radius and ulna bones.
The radius is the main weight-supporting bone; the ulna bone supports very little weight.
Small breed dogs have a poor blood supply to the lower fourth of the radius bone, therefore it is more susceptible to being fractured; also healing of the fracture can take longer than other bones in the body.
Large breed dogs have a much better blood supply to this region, therefore a very substantial force needs to be applied to the bone before a fracture develops.
If the radius fractures, the ulna usually fractures too.
Anatomy & Physiology TM

35. Types of Muscles
Muscles are contractile organs responsible for the voluntary and involuntary movements of animals.
Skeletal muscle –allows for all voluntary movement, appears to be striated when looked at under a microscope.
Cardiac muscle – controls the involuntary beating of the heart, appears striated under a microscope.
Smooth muscle – responsible for all other involuntary movement, such as breathing, digestion, peristalsis, blinking, etc.
Anatomy & Physiology TM

36. MOVEMENT Ambulation – moving from one place to another
Abduction – moving away from the median plane
Adduction – moving towards the median plane
Flexion – moving the distal part of the limb towards the body
Extension – moving the distal part of the limb away from the body
Anatomy & Physiology TM

37. ALL muscles can do is CONTRACT or RELAX, so they generally
Muscle Function
ALL muscles can do is CONTRACT or RELAX, so they generally
work in pairs. For any particular action, they muscles involved can be classified as
AGONIST – prime mover of a joint
ANTAGONIST – opposes movement of the agonist
EX; Arm – AGONIST is the bicep and ANTAGONIST is tricep
Elbow - AGONIST is the tricep and ANTAGONIST is bicep
Anatomy & Physiology TM

38. Identification of Major Muscles
Masseter – superficial muscle of cheek
Trapezius – superficial triangular muscle of the shoulder
Latissimus dorsi – long, superficial, dorsal muscle that attaches the humerus to the lumbar region of the back
Abdominal Obliques – large flat muscles that support digestive and reproductive organs
Anatomy & Physiology TM

39. Brachiocephalicus Latissimus dorsi Brachiocephalicus Latissimus dorsi
Masseter
Trapezius
Trapezius
Gluteals
Pectorals
Pectorals
Deltoid
Deltoid
Triceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Biceps femoris
Intercostal
Biceps femoris
Intercostal
Anatomy & Physiology TM

40. 5. Gluteals – large muscle of the upper hindquarters
6. Biceps femoris – lateral superficial muscle, one of the 3 which forms the “hamstrings”
7. Biceps brachii – primary flexor of the elbow joint
8. Triceps brachii – primary extensor of the elbow joint
9. Pectorals –primary adductors of the forelimbs
10. Serratus ventralis – attaches forelimb to trunk ( no collarbone)
Anatomy & Physiology TM

41. Pectorals-latissimus dorsi Chest and back
Muscles
Part of the body
Pectorals-latissimus dorsi
Chest and back
Anterior deltoids-posterior deltoids
Front and back of the shoulder
Trapezius-deltoids
Upper back and shoulders
Abdominus rectus-spinal erectors
Abdomen and lower back
Left and right external obliques
Left and right side of the abdomen
Quadriceps-hamstrings
Front and back of the thigh
Tibialis anterior-gastrocnemius
Shin and calf
Biceps-triceps
Top and underside of upper arm
Extensors-flexors
Forearm
Anatomy & Physiology TM

42. Anatomy & Physiology TM

43. skeletal
cardiac
smooth
Anatomy & Physiology TM

44. Respiratory
Brings oxygen from the air into the body and expels carbon dioxide. Works with circulatory to do this
Anatomy & Physiology TM

45. UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Consists of nose ( snout, nostrils, etc) , mouth, pharynx, epiglottis and larynx
Mucous membranes – lining of respiratory tract that excrete mucus
Mucus – slimy secretion that helps to warm , moisten and filter air
Cilia – tiny wave like hairs that line the nostrils and help filter air
Anatomy & Physiology TM

46. Pharynx – passageway shared by digestive and respiratory systems
Epiglottis – tiny flap that covers the larynx during swallowing
Larynx – “voice box’ contains vocal cords that vibrate when air passes through
Anatomy & Physiology TM

47. Upper Respiratory System
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Mouth
Larynx
Epiglottis
Tongue
Trachea
Anatomy & Physiology TM

48. LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Trachea – ‘windpipe” has rings of cartilage that keeps its shape
Bronchi – branches at the bottom of the trachea that are contained in the lungs
Bronchial tree – smallest branches of the bronchial tree
Alveoli – grape like clusters at ends of brachioles where exchange of gases occurs
Lungs – paired organs containing bronchi that are divided into clearly defined lobes
Diaphragm – muscle located below the lungs that contracts causing the lungs to fill with air
Anatomy & Physiology TM

49. Lower Respiratory System
Epiglottis
Alveoli
Larynx
Trachea
Cartilage ring
Lungs
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Anatomy & Physiology TM

50. Breathing Inhalation – drawing in a breath
Exhalation – release of a breath
Apnea –
Dyspnea –
Bradypnea –
Tachypnea –
Respiration – exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
Anatomy & Physiology TM

51. Give an example of the Following Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle
Abdominal obliques
Gluteals
Biceps
Agonist – antagonist -
Anatomy & Physiology TM

52. Which is it? Abduction Adduction Ambulation Extension Flexion
I’m walking, just walking?
I’m kicking that soccer ball as hard as I can?
My hands are going up and out in my jumping jack?
I’m curling up into a ball because I am scared?
My leg stretch is over and I am bringing my leg back done?
Anatomy & Physiology TM

53. Where are they located? Alveoli Bronchi Bronchioles Cartilage rings
Epiglottis
Larynx
Lungs
Trachea
Purpose of each?
Anatomy & Physiology TM

54. What also goes into the upper respiratory system?
Locate on the picture
Epiglottis
Esophagus
Larynx
Mouth
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Tongue
Trachea
What also goes into the upper
respiratory system?
Anatomy & Physiology TM

55. What in the world do these terms mean????
Apnea –
Bradypnea –
Dyspnea –
Exhalation -
Inhalation –
Respiration –
Tachypnea –
What in the world do these terms mean????
Anatomy & Physiology TM

56. NERVOUS SYSTEM
DETECTS AND PROCESSES INFORMATION AND FORMULATES RESPONSES
COORDINATES AND CONTROLS ALL BODILY FUNCTION
SENDS AND RECEIVES IMPULSES – ELECTRIC SIGNALS THAT TRAVEL THROUGH THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND PROVIDE INFORMATION TO THE BRAIN
Anatomy & Physiology TM

57. TYPES OF NEURONS
SENSORY NEURONS – carry impulses towards the brain and spinal cord
CONNECTING NEURONS – carry impulses from one neuron to another
MOTOR NEURONS – carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to the body
Anatomy & Physiology TM

58. Parts of Neuron
Cell body – often called soma. Contains the cell nucleus.
Dendrite - branch like; receives impulses
Axon – sends impulses away from the cell
Synapse – space in between neurons; contains a chemical substance called a neurotransmitter that helps impulses travel
Myelin – protective sheath around the neuron
Anatomy & Physiology TM

59. Parts of a Neuron Dendrite Cell body (soma) Myelin sheath Axon Synapse
Anatomy & Physiology TM

60. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain - major organ of the nervous system
Meninges – 3 layered protective covering of the brain
Cerebrum – largest part of brain. Has 4 lobes that receive and store information and are responsible for giving signals for voluntary movement
Cerebellum – coordinates all movement, muscle activity and balance
Brainstem – connects the brain to the spinal cord and contains the medulla oblongata
Anatomy & Physiology TM

61. e. Medulla oblongata – dictates all of life’s functions including: heart rate, breathing, and reflex action
f. Thalamus – central relay system for all nerve impulses except small. It receives impulses and then directs them to the proper part of the brain
g. Hypothalamus – serves as a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system
h. Pituitary gland – secretes hormones important for reproduction and growth
Anatomy & Physiology TM

62. Brain Anatomy Cerebrum Meninges Cerebellum Thalamus Spinal cord
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Brain stem
Medulla oblongata
Anatomy & Physiology TM

63. Spinal Cord
Pathway for all impulses going to and from the brain. Connects to medulla oblongata
Peripheral Nervous System –consists of nerves that relay information to and from the spinal cord
Sympathetic Nervous System – responsible for emergency and stress responses; “fight or flight”
Parasympathetic Nervous System –seeks to maintain and restore normal body function; often called homeostasis - a state of balance of the physiologic systems within the body
Anatomy & Physiology TM

64. Anatomy & Physiology TM

65. Review If this is damaged I will probably need a respirator.
- medulla oblongata ; controls heart, breathing, reflex
2. Helps me release hormones to relax.
- hypothalamus
3. Helps me to balance while I stand on one leg.
- cerebellum
4. Helps me do all those crunches.
- cerebrum or cerebellum
5. Whoa that’s hot!!!!!!!!!!
- thalamus
6. The soma.
- cell body
7. Carries impulse form brain and spinal cord to body.
- motor neurons
Anatomy & Physiology TM

66. - sympathetic nervous system
8. Get me outta here!!!!!!!!!
- sympathetic nervous system
9. It is so hot in here, that’s why I am sweating.
- parasympathic nervous sysytem
10. Why can’t I remember that??
- cerebrum
11. Mama kitty won’t have any cute little baby kittens if I’m not doing my job!
- pituitary
12. Be still my heart!
- medulla oblongata
13. This neuron tells me to take my hand off that burner.
- motor
Anatomy & Physiology TM