1. 2. Taxonomy Study of classifying organisms
Binomial Nomenclature Vs (modern) Taxonomy

2. Binomial Nomenclature
Old / used as scientific naming
By Carolus Linnaeus (Swedish)
Based on shared physical characteristics & homologous (similar) structure, mostly morphology
Genus Species
2 kingdoms: plantae & animalia
Ex: Homo sapiens

3. Taxonomy New / used as scientific classification By modern scientists
Based on biochemical (DNA), evolutionary (common ancestors) & embryological (embryos) relationships, mostly phylogenetic tree
Kingdom phylum class order family genus species
5 kingdom: monera, protista, fimigi, plantae, animalia
Ex:
Animalia chordate mammal primates hominidae homo sapiens

4. DNA genetic code / nucleic acid that stores and transmits the genetic
information from one generation to the next.
double helix which is made up of units called nucleotides.
each nucleotide consists of 3 parts: a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
four nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C).
pairing of nitrogenous bases: A-T / C-G (Pg. 142)
Replication: DNA double helix separates – two strands – separated strands as a template for RNA and protein synthesis.
DNA function: DNA is responsible for the size, shape and function of every protein a cell makes. (All Enzymes are proteins)
Protein Synthesis: DNA – template / signal to RNA – messenger RNA / transfer RNA / amino acids – correct sequence (codon = 3 nucleotides in mRNA / GCU, AAU – protein molecules
RNA contains the sugar ribose, single-stranded and Uracil (U) instead of thymine

6. Cell Structure
Q: Why do plant cells have cell walls and animal cells don’t?

7. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OVERVIEW
Scientists use seven basic levels of classification (1 taxon, 7 taxa)
KINGDOM ↓
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
• Kings Play Chess On Funny Green Squares.
• King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti.

8. Genus name + species name
Most taxonomists use a five kingdom system of classification.
1. MONERA
2. PROTISTA
3. FUNGI
4. PLANTAE
5. ANIMALIA
NAMING ORGANISMS
Scientists name organisms using binomial nomenclature.
Genus name + species name
The genus name is capitalized.
The species name is not capitalized
Both names are in italics or underlined.

9. KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES

13. Fungi Plantae Animalia
Scientific Classification Overview:
Eukaryotes – have nucleus & membrane bound organelles
Fungi Plantae Animalia
Uni / multicellular
- no cellulose
- no photosynthesis
Multicellular
- cellulose
- photosynthesis
Multicellular
- no cell walls
- no photosynthesis
Ex: Mushrooms
Ex: Maple
Ex: Human
Protista
Unicellular / features of both plants & animals
Ex: Ameba & Paramecia
Prokaryotes – have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Monera
Bacteria / No well-defined internal parts
Eubacteria Archaebacteria
Unicellular, O2 required for photosynthesis
Unicellular, No O2 required for photosynthesis

14. Phylogenetic Tree
Diagram that shows evolutionary relationships of organisms and their ancestors.
Ex: 3 4 A 2 B 1 5 C D E
Which two modern organisms are likely to be most closely related?
What was the most recent common ancestor of organisms 2 and 3?
What was the most recent common ancestor of organisms 1 and 5?

15. Method of Identification
Used to quickly identify an organism by professional and amateur biologists
The dichotomous key: identifying objects / organisms through a series of paired, contrasting statements until you are directed to the name of the object or organism.
Ex:
All backboned animals
With feathers (birds) Without feathers
With hair (mammals) Without hair
With fins (fish) Without fins
With scales (reptiles) Without scales (amphibians)
Ex: Snake (Pg. 300)

16. This exercise will help you prepare information needed to start your poster project.
Use the following key to label the diagram below:
A = Kingdom Monera C = Kingdom Fungi D = Kingdom Plantae
A1 = Monerans C1 = Molds and Yeasts D1 = Plants
B = Kingdom Protista E = Kingdom Animalia
B1 = Protistans E1 = Animals

17. example members of each kingdom.
2. Use your textbook and/or the Internet to list the main characteristics and
example members of each kingdom.
• Main characteristics of the Kingdom MONERA (procaryotes)
Example Monerans: bacteria and blue-green algae
• Main characteristics of the Kingdom PROTISTA (single-celled eucaryotes)
Example Protists: amebas and diatoms
• Main characteristics of the Kingdom FUNGI (cell walls / heterotrophs, no chlorophyll or cellulose)
Example Fungi : bread mold and mushrooms
• Main characteristics of the Kingdom PLANTAE (multicellular / photosynthetic)
Example Plants: mosses, ferns, and plants
• Main characteristics of the Kingdom ANIMALIA (multicellular eucaryotes / obtain food mainly by ingestion)
Example Animals: human, cats, dogs, etc…